Data Sheet 1_Socioeconomic and demographic factors influencing dietary patterns in Aktobe: a sample of Kazakhstan’s dietary culture.docx

BackgroundDietary patterns are shaped by a combination of cultural traditions, socioeconomic conditions, and demographic characteristics. In Kazakhstan, rapid economic growth, urbanization, and globalization are influencing food consumption behaviors, with potential implications for public health. Aktobe, the third most populous city in the country, provides a relevant urban context to examine how socioeconomic and demographic factors influence dietary choices within a culturally diverse population.
ObjectiveTherefore, the aim of this study was to identify the principal dietary patterns among adults in Aktobe, Kazakhstan, using principal component analysis (PCA), and to examine the influence of socioeconomic, demographic, lifestyle, and health-related factors on adherence to these patterns.
MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in 2024 among 460 adults aged 18–65 years (210 women, 250 men) recruited from hospitals in Aktobe. Dietary intake was assessed using a culturally adapted food frequency questionnaire, with foods categorized into 11 groups. PCA identified dietary patterns, and negative binomial regression estimated prevalence ratios (PR) for associations between explanatory variables and dietary pattern adherence.
ResultsFour dietary patterns were identified: Healthy foods (chicken, fish, green tea, dried fruits, onions), Traditional Kazakh (tea with milk, rice), Bar (processed meats, mayonnaise), and Energy-dense (refined pastries, sweets). Gender, age, and meal frequency were significant predictors. Women showed higher adherence to Healthy foods and Energy-dense patterns, while younger adults adhered less to the Traditional Kazakh pattern but more to the Bar pattern. Shorter intervals between meals and not skipping breakfast were associated with Healthy foods adherence. Oral health, absence of chronic diseases, and better functional status correlated with healthier patterns.
ConclusionAdults in Aktobe exhibit both traditional and modern dietary patterns, influenced by socioeconomic, demographic, and health factors. Nutrition interventions should be gender- and age-sensitive, preserve beneficial traditional practices, and address the growing consumption of energy-dense processed foods, particularly among younger adults.

研究背景
饮食模式由文化传统、社会经济状况与人口统计学特征共同塑造。在哈萨克斯坦，经济快速增长、城市化与全球化正影响着民众的食物消费行为，进而可能对公共健康产生潜在影响。阿克托别作为该国第三大人口城市，为探究社会经济与人口统计学因素如何在文化多元的人群中影响饮食选择提供了合适的城市研究场景。

研究目的
因此，本研究旨在利用主成分分析（Principal Component Analysis, PCA）识别哈萨克斯坦阿克托别地区成年人的主要饮食模式，并考察社会经济、人口统计学、生活方式及健康相关因素对这些饮食模式依从性的影响。

研究方法
本研究为横断面研究，于2024年在阿克托别地区医院招募的460名18~65岁成年人中开展，其中女性210名、男性250名。采用经过文化适配的食物频率问卷评估膳食摄入情况，将食物划分为11个类别。通过主成分分析提取饮食模式，采用负二项回归模型估算解释变量与饮食模式依从性之间关联的患病率比（prevalence ratios, PR）。

研究结果
本研究共识别出4类饮食模式：健康食物模式（涵盖鸡肉、鱼类、绿茶、干果、洋葱）、传统哈萨克饮食模式（奶茶、米饭）、加工即食模式（加工肉类、蛋黄酱）以及高能量密度模式（精制糕点、甜食）。性别、年龄与用餐频率为显著预测变量。女性对健康食物模式与高能量密度模式的依从性更高；年轻成年人对传统哈萨克饮食模式的依从性较低，但对加工即食模式的依从性更高。用餐间隔较短、未跳过早餐与健康食物模式的依从性呈正相关。口腔健康状况良好、无慢性疾病及功能状态更佳与更健康的饮食模式呈正相关。

研究结论
阿克托别地区成年人兼具传统与现代饮食模式，其饮食模式受社会经济、人口统计学及健康相关因素的影响。营养干预措施应兼顾性别与年龄差异，保留有益的传统饮食习俗，并针对年轻人群日益增长的高能量密度加工食品消费问题采取应对措施。