Supplement Table 1 from Biodiversity underpins fisheries resilience to exploitation in the Amazon river basin

Inland fisheries feed greater than 150 million people globally, yet their status is rarely assessed due to their socio-ecological complexity and pervasive lack of data. Here, we leverage an unprecedented landings time series from the Amazon, Earth's largest river basin, together with theoretical food web models to examine (i) taxonomic and trait-based signatures of exploitation in inland fish landings and (ii) implications of changing biodiversity for fisheries resilience. In both landings time series and theory, we find that multi-species exploitation of diverse inland fisheries results in a hump-shaped landings evenness curve. Along this trajectory, abundant and large species are sequentially replaced with faster growing and smaller species. Further theoretical analysis indicates that harvests can be maintained for a period of time but that continued biodiversity depletion reduces the pool of compensating species and consequently diminishes fisheries resilience. Critically, higher fisheries biodiversity can delay fishery collapse. Although existing landings data provide an incomplete snapshot of long-term dynamics, our results suggest that multi-species exploitation is affecting freshwater biodiversity and eroding fisheries resilience in the Amazon. More broadly, we conclude that trends in landings evenness could characterize multi-species fisheries development and aid in assessing their sustainability.

内陆渔业为全球超1.5亿人口提供生计支撑，但由于其社会-生态复杂性与普遍存在的数据匮乏问题，其健康状态鲜有评估。本研究依托来自地球最大河流流域——亚马孙流域的前所未有的捕捞上岸时间序列数据，结合理论食物网模型，开展两项核心研究：(i) 内陆渔业捕捞上岸数据中反映捕捞活动的分类学与功能性状特征；(ii) 生物多样性变化对渔业韧性的影响。无论是基于捕捞上岸时间序列数据还是理论模型，研究均发现，对多样化内陆渔业的多物种捕捞会形成一条驼峰型的捕捞上岸均匀度曲线。沿着该动态轨迹，个体丰度更高、体型更大的鱼类物种会依次被生长速度更快、体型更小的物种所替代。进一步的理论分析表明，捕捞产量可在短期内维持，但持续的生物多样性损耗会减少可补偿的物种种群，进而削弱渔业韧性。尤为关键的是，更高的渔业生物多样性可延缓渔业种群崩溃。尽管现有捕捞上岸数据仅能呈现长期动态的不完整快照，但研究结果表明，多物种捕捞正在影响亚马孙流域的淡水生物多样性，并逐步削弱当地渔业韧性。从更广泛的视角来看，本研究得出结论：捕捞上岸均匀度的变化趋势可作为多物种渔业发展的特征指标，有助于评估其可持续性。