Data propagation algorithm stages.

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), power consumption is a recurring issue. Compared to other modern routing approaches that aim to reduce power consumption, cluster-based forwarding algorithms have been shown to be more energy efficient. Static clustering optimization is the main emphasis of this study on energy-efficient advanced zonal rectangular low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (EE-AZR-LEACH) optimum routing, which takes a modern technique. To extend the lifespan of the cluster units and the system, we suggest using the multi-hopping approach. The proposed protocol significantly improves the network life time and energy efficiency of WSNs by optimizing static clustering and incorporating multi-hopping techniques. It can outperform existing protocols in power consumption, data transfer and stability, makes it a robust solution for large-scale and energy constrained environment. To help the Cluster Heads (CHs) with data transmission, EE-AZR-LEACH chose a Collaborator(CL) close to the central cluster. To increase the effectiveness of communication between the CHs located in the rectangular region and a central base station, these units took on the role of cluster leaders. The resilience, data transmission rate, power consumption, network endurance, and number of CHs of the system were clearly improved as a consequence. Our suggested routing system performs more effectively than AZR-LEACH, LEACH, MH-LEACH, and SEP in substantial areas. Furthermore, the proposed approach exhibits better convergence within 600 rounds when compared to AZR-LEACH, LEACH, MH-LEACH, and SEP. The findings indicate that after 1500 simulation cycles, the stability intervals for LEACH, MH-LEACH, SEP, and AZR-LEACH are 2.7%, 7.2%, 4.14%, and 5.34%, respectively. The simulation is run using MATLAB. The EE-AZR-LCH optimum routing, on the other hand, has a 6.8% survival rate. The MH-LEACH optimum routing has smaller total network tenure even if it provides a higher stability period than the EE-AZR-LEACH.

在无线传感器网络（WSNs）中，功耗是长期存在的共性问题。相较于其他旨在降低功耗的现代路由方法，基于簇的转发算法已被证实具备更优异的节能性能。本研究针对节能型区域矩形低功耗自适应分簇层次路由（EE-AZR-LEACH）的最优路由展开探索，核心聚焦于静态分簇优化，并采用了前沿技术手段。为延长簇内节点与整个网络的生命周期，本文提出采用多跳传输方案。所提协议通过优化静态分簇并融合多跳传输技术，可显著提升无线传感器网络（WSNs）的网络生命周期与能效表现。该协议在功耗、数据传输与稳定性方面均优于现有路由协议，可为大规模能量受限场景提供可靠的解决方案。为协助簇头（CHs）完成数据传输，EE-AZR-LEACH会选取靠近簇中心的协作节点（CL）。为提升矩形区域内簇头（CHs）与中心基站间的通信效率，这些协作节点将承担辅助簇首的角色。最终，系统的鲁棒性、数据传输速率、功耗、网络续航能力以及簇头数量均得到显著优化。在所搭建的大规模仿真场景中，本文所提路由方案的性能优于AZR-LEACH、LEACH、MH-LEACH与SEP协议。此外，相较于AZR-LEACH、LEACH、MH-LEACH与SEP协议，所提方案在600轮仿真周期内具备更优异的收敛性能。仿真结果显示，在1500轮仿真周期后，LEACH、MH-LEACH、SEP与AZR-LEACH的稳定周期占比分别为2.7%、7.2%、4.14%与5.34%；本次仿真采用MATLAB平台完成。而EE-AZR-LEACH最优路由的节点存活率可达6.8%。尽管MH-LEACH最优路由的稳定周期长于EE-AZR-LEACH，但其整体网络生命周期却更短。