应急管理部、国家减灾委办公室发布2018年全国自然灾害基本情况

应急管理部、国家减灾委办公室发布 2018年全国自然灾害基本情况 近日，应急管理部、国家减灾委办公室会同工业和信息化部、自然资源部、住房城乡建设部、交通运输部、水利部、农业农村部、卫生健康委、统计局、气象局、林草局、中央军委政治工作部、红十字总会、中国铁路总公司等部门对2018年全国自然灾害情况进行了会商分析。经核定，2018年，我国自然灾害以洪涝、台风灾害为主，干旱、风雹、地震、地质、低温冷冻、雪灾、森林火灾等灾害也有不同程度发生。各种自然灾害共造成全国1.3亿人次受灾，589人死亡，46人失踪，524.5万人次紧急转移安置；9.7万间房屋倒塌，23.1万间严重损坏，120.8万间一般损坏；农作物受灾面积20814.3千公顷，其中绝收2585千公顷；直接经济损失2644.6亿元。总的看，2018年全国自然灾害灾情较过去5年均值明显偏轻，其中，因灾死亡失踪人数、倒塌房屋数量和直接经济损失分别减少59%、78%和34%。 2018年，全国自然灾害情况主要有以下特点： 一、灾害损失在时空分布上相对集中 从时间上看，洪涝、台风、风雹等自然灾害集中在6－8月发生，造成的死亡失踪人数、倒塌房屋数量和直接经济损失占全年总数的69%、84%和67%；从区域上看，灾情严重的省份集中在内蒙古、山东、广东、四川、云南和甘肃等6个省（区），上述省份因灾死亡失踪人数、倒塌房屋数量和直接经济损失合计占全国总数的49%、63%和53%；从人员伤亡上看，西部地区占比较高，各种自然灾害共造成西部地区325人死亡（含失踪），占全国总数的53%。 二、洪涝灾害呈现“北增南减”态势 2018年我国共出现39次强降水天气过程，西北、华北、内蒙古以及黑龙江部分地区降水较常年偏多3－8成，内蒙古、黑龙江、甘肃、陕西、青海、新疆等北方省（区）洪涝和地质灾害较过去5年均值明显偏重，受灾人口、死亡失踪人数和直接经济损失分别增加39%、19%和40%。南方大部降水量较常年持平或偏少，浙江、福建、江西、湖北、湖南等省洪涝灾情明显偏轻。金沙江、雅鲁藏布江相继发生4次严重山体滑坡堰塞湖灾害，虽未造成人员伤亡，但灾害影响较大，历史罕见。据统计，洪涝和地质灾害共造成全国3526.2万人次受灾，338人死亡，42人失踪，142万人次紧急转移安置；6.4万间房屋倒塌，13.9万间严重损坏，65万间一般损坏；直接经济损失1060.5亿元。 三、台风登陆个数明显偏多 2018年我国大陆地区共有10个台风登陆，较常年（7个）偏多3个。“安比”、“摩羯”、“温比亚”在一个月内相继登陆华东并深入内陆影响华北、东北等地，历史罕见。“温比亚”是2018年致灾最重的台风，给山东、河南、安徽和江苏等省造成严重暴雨洪涝；“山竹”是2018年最强登陆台风，给广东、广西、海南等省（区）造成一定影响。据统计，台风灾害共造成全国3260.6万人次受灾，80人死亡，3人失踪，366.6万人紧急转移安置；2.4万间房屋倒塌，4.3万间房屋严重损坏，16.2万间一般损坏；直接经济损失697.3亿元。总的看，台风灾害与过去5年均值基本持平，紧急转移安置人口和农作物受灾面积增加25%和79%，死亡失踪人数和倒塌房屋数量减少36%和42%。 四、低温雨雪冰冻和旱灾发生时段相对集中 2018年低温雨雪冰冻灾害主要集中在1月、4月初和12月下旬。1月份中东部地区先后出现三次大范围低温雨雪冰冻天气过程，安徽、湖北两省灾情较重；4月初全国出现大范围寒潮，甘肃、宁夏、陕西、山西、河北等省（区）农作物受到较大影响；12月下旬多省部分地区出现小到中雪、局部大雪，湖南中北部、湖北南部、江西北部和贵州中南部等地受到较大影响。总的看，低温雨雪冰冻灾害偏重发生，共造成全国2495.3万人次受灾，23人死亡，农作物受灾面积3412.6千公顷，直接经济损失434亿元。旱灾主要集中在4月下旬至6月发生，该时段东北地区降水较常年同期偏少3－8成，气温偏高1－2℃，内蒙古、黑龙江、吉林等省（区）农作物受到一定影响。总的看，旱灾偏轻发生，共造成7711.8千公顷农作物受灾，直接经济损失255.3亿元。 五、地震活动下半年相对较强 2018年我国大陆地区共发生16次5级以上地震，上半年地震活动相对平静，下半年8－10月连续发生10次5级以上地震，为近年同期高值水平。其中，9月8日云南墨江县5.9级地震是2018年我国大陆地区震级最高、灾情最重的地震，造成2000余间房屋倒塌，3.4万间房屋不同程度损坏。据统计，地震灾害共造成5000余间房屋倒塌，3.1万间房屋严重损坏，10.8万间一般损坏，直接经济损失29亿元。总的看，地震灾情较过去5年均值明显偏轻，未造成人员死亡失踪，各项灾情指标均为近5年以来最低值。

Recently, the Ministry of Emergency Management and the Office of the National Commission for Disaster Reduction, together with relevant departments including the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Natural Resources, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Health Commission, National Bureau of Statistics, China Meteorological Administration, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission, Red Cross Society of China, and China Railway Corporation, conducted a joint consultation and analysis on the national natural disaster situation in 2018. After verification, in 2018, floods and typhoons were the main natural disasters in China, while droughts, wind-hail disasters, earthquakes, geological disasters, low-temperature freezing, snow disasters, forest fires and other disasters also occurred to varying degrees. All kinds of natural disasters caused a total of 130 million people affected, 589 deaths, 46 missing persons, and 5.245 million people were urgently transferred and resettled; 97,000 houses collapsed, 231,000 houses were severely damaged, and 1.208 million houses were moderately damaged; the affected crop area was 20,814.3 thousand hectares, including 2,585 thousand hectares of total crop failure; the direct economic loss was 264.46 billion yuan. Overall, the natural disaster situation in China in 2018 was significantly lighter than the average of the past five years. Specifically, the number of deaths and missing persons due to disasters, the number of collapsed houses, and direct economic losses decreased by 59%, 78%, and 34% respectively.

The main characteristics of the national natural disaster situation in 2018 are as follows:
1. Relatively concentrated spatial and temporal distribution of disaster losses
In terms of time, floods, typhoons, wind-hail disasters and other natural disasters mainly occurred from June to August, accounting for 69%, 84% and 67% of the annual total deaths and missing persons, collapsed houses and direct economic losses, respectively. In terms of regions, the severely affected provinces were mainly concentrated in six provinces (autonomous regions) including Inner Mongolia, Shandong, Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan and Gansu. The total number of deaths and missing persons, collapsed houses and direct economic losses in these provinces accounted for 49%, 63% and 53% of the national total respectively. In terms of casualties, the proportion in the western region was relatively high. A total of 325 deaths (including missing persons) occurred in the western region due to various natural disasters, accounting for 53% of the national total.
2. Flood disasters showed a trend of 'increased in the north and decreased in the south'
In 2018, a total of 39 heavy precipitation weather processes occurred in China. Precipitation in the northwest, North China, Inner Mongolia and parts of Heilongjiang was 30%-80% more than normal. Flood and geological disasters in northern provinces (autonomous regions) such as Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Gansu, Shaanxi, Qinghai and Xinjiang were significantly more severe than the average of the past five years. The affected population, number of deaths and missing persons, and direct economic losses increased by 39%, 19% and 40% respectively. Precipitation in most parts of the south was flat or less than normal, and flood disasters in Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan and other provinces were significantly lighter. The Jinsha River and Yarlung Zangbo River successively experienced 4 severe mountain landslide barrier lake disasters, which did not cause casualties but had large impacts and were rare in history. According to statistics, floods and geological disasters caused a total of 35.262 million people affected, 338 deaths, 42 missing persons, and 1.42 million people were urgently transferred and resettled; 64,000 houses collapsed, 139,000 houses were severely damaged, and 650,000 houses were moderately damaged; the direct economic loss was 106.05 billion yuan.
3. Significantly more typhoons landed in mainland China
In 2018, a total of 10 typhoons landed in mainland China, 3 more than the average annual number (7). 'Ampil', 'Yagi' and 'Rumbia' successively landed in East China within one month and then moved inland to affect North China and Northeast China, which was rare in history. 'Rumbia' was the most disastrous typhoon in 2018, causing severe rainstorm and floods in Shandong, Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces; 'Mangkhut' was the strongest landed typhoon in 2018, causing certain impacts in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and other provinces (autonomous regions). According to statistics, typhoon disasters caused a total of 32.606 million people affected, 80 deaths, 3 missing persons, and 3.666 million people were urgently transferred and resettled; 24,000 houses collapsed, 43,000 houses were severely damaged, and 162,000 houses were moderately damaged; the direct economic loss was 69.73 billion yuan. Overall, the typhoon disaster situation was basically flat compared with the average of the past five years. The number of urgently transferred and resettled people and the affected crop area increased by 25% and 79% respectively, while the number of deaths and missing persons and the number of collapsed houses decreased by 36% and 42% respectively.
4. Relatively concentrated occurrence periods of low-temperature rain-snow freezing disasters and droughts
In 2018, low-temperature rain-snow freezing disasters mainly occurred in January, early April and late December. In January, three large-scale low-temperature rain-snow freezing weather processes occurred successively in the central and eastern regions, with severe disasters in Anhui and Hubei provinces; in early April, a large-scale cold wave occurred across the country, affecting crops in Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei and other provinces (autonomous regions); in late December, light to moderate snow and local heavy snow occurred in parts of multiple provinces, with severe impacts in central and northern Hunan, southern Hubei, northern Jiangxi, central and southern Guizhou and other areas. Overall, low-temperature rain-snow freezing disasters occurred severely, causing a total of 24.953 million people affected, 23 deaths, 3,412.6 thousand hectares of affected crops, and direct economic losses of 43.4 billion yuan. Droughts mainly occurred from late April to June. During this period, precipitation in the Northeast region was 30%-80% less than normal, and the temperature was 1-2℃ higher than normal. Crops in Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin and other provinces (autonomous regions) were affected to a certain extent. Overall, droughts occurred lightly, causing 7,711.8 thousand hectares of affected crops and direct economic losses of 25.53 billion yuan.
5. Relatively stronger seismic activity in the second half of the year
In 2018, a total of 16 earthquakes with magnitude 5.0 or above occurred in mainland China. Seismic activity was relatively calm in the first half of the year, and 10 earthquakes with magnitude 5.0 or above occurred consecutively from August to October in the second half of the year, which was a high level for the same period in recent years. Among them, the M5.9 earthquake in Mojiang County, Yunnan on September 8 was the earthquake with the highest magnitude and the most severe disaster in mainland China in 2018, causing more than 2,000 houses to collapse and 34,000 houses to be damaged to varying degrees. According to statistics, earthquake disasters caused more than 5,000 houses to collapse, 31,000 houses to be severely damaged, 108,000 houses to be moderately damaged, with direct economic losses of 2.9 billion yuan. Overall, the earthquake disaster situation was significantly lighter than the average of the past five years, with no casualties caused, and all disaster indicators reached the lowest level in the past five years.