Hierarchical linear model results table.

BackgroundA superior family background often provides children with more educational resources and a better learning environment, while poor or educationally deficient families may put children at a disadvantage on the starting line of education. This difference is not only related to the fate of individuals, but also to the fairness and justice of the whole society. Therefore, this study explores the influence mechanism of family background on children’s education level and the moderating effect of socioeconomic status.MethodsBased on the data of China General Social Survey in 2021, a total of 4592 samples were selected. Principal component analysis model, hierarchical regression model and hierarchical linear model were used to verify the relationship between family background, socioeconomic status and children’s education level.Results(1) Family background has a significant positive impact on children’s education level (β=1.266; p β=0.274; p ConclusionFamily background affects children’s education level and is regulated by socioeconomic status. At the same time, regional and urban-rural differences affect the distribution of educational resources. We call for attention to the construction of family background and encourage families to create a good educational environment for their children. Increase investment in education for families and regions with lower socioeconomic status, and promote the balanced distribution of educational resources in different regions and between urban and rural areas to promote educational equity.

研究背景：优越的家庭背景往往能为子女提供更为充裕的教育资源与更优质的学习环境，而贫困或教育资源匮乏的家庭则可能使子女在教育起跑线上处于劣势。这种差距不仅关乎个体命运，更关系到整个社会的公平与正义。为此，本研究旨在探究家庭背景对子女教育水平的影响机制，以及社会经济地位（socioeconomic status）的调节效应（moderating effect）。

研究方法：本研究以2021年中国综合社会调查（China General Social Survey）的数据为基础，共纳入4592份有效样本。通过主成分分析模型（Principal component analysis model）、分层回归模型（hierarchical regression model）与分层线性模型（hierarchical linear model），验证家庭背景、社会经济地位与子女教育水平三者间的相关关系。

研究结果：（1）家庭背景对子女教育水平具有显著正向影响（β=1.266；p<0.001）；（2）社会经济地位在家庭背景与子女教育水平间发挥显著正向调节作用（β=0.274；p<0.001）；（3）教育资源配置存在显著的区域与城乡差异。

研究结论：家庭背景对子女教育水平具有显著影响，且受社会经济地位的调节；同时，区域与城乡差异会影响教育资源的分配格局。本研究呼吁重视家庭背景建设，鼓励家庭为子女营造良好的教育环境；需加大对社会经济地位较低的家庭与地区的教育投入，推动不同区域及城乡间教育资源的均衡配置，以促进教育公平。