ANES 2016 Time Series Study

This study is part of the American National Election Study (ANES), a time-series collection of national surveys fielded continuously since 1948. The American National Election Studies are designed to present data on Americans' social backgrounds, enduring political predispositions, social and political values, perceptions and evaluations of groups and candidates, opinions on questions of public policy, and participation in political life. As with all Time Series studies conducted during years of presidential elections, respondents were interviewed during the two months preceding the November election (Pre-election interview), and then re-interviewed during the two months following the election (Post-election interview). Like its predecessors, the 2016 ANES was divided between questions necessary for tracking long-term trends and questions necessary to understand the particular political moment of 2016. The study maintains and extends the ANES time-series 'core' by collecting data on Americans' basic political beliefs, allegiances, and behaviors, which are so critical to a general understanding of politics that they are monitored at every election, no matter the nature of the specific campaign or the broader setting. This 2016 ANES study features a dual-mode design with both traditional face-to-face interviewing (n=1,181) and surveys conducted on the Internet (n=3,090), and a total sample size of 4,271. In addition to content on electoral participation, voting behavior, and public opinion, the 2016 ANES Time Series Study contains questions about areas such as media exposure, cognitive style, and values and predispositions. Several items first measured on the 2012 ANES study were again asked, including "Big Five" personality traits using the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI), and skin tone observations made by interviewers in the face-to-face study. For the first time, ANES has collected supplemental data directly from respondents' Facebook accounts. The post-election interview also included Module 5 from the Comparative Study of Electorial Systems (CSES), exploring themes in populism, perceptions on elites, corruption, and attitudes towards representative democracy. Face-to-face interviews were conducted by trained interviewers using computer assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) software on laptop computers. During a portion of the face-to-face interview, the respondent answered certain sensitive questions on the laptop computer directly, without the interviewer's participation (known as computer assisted self-interviewing (CASI)). Internet questionnaires could be completed anywhere the respondent had access to the Internet, on a computer or on a mobile device. Respondents were only eligible to compete the survey in the mode for which they were sampled. Demographic variables include respondent age, education level, political affiliation, race/ethnicity, marital status, and family composition.

本研究隶属于美国全国选举研究（American National Election Study, ANES），该项目是自1948年起持续开展的全国性调查时序数据集。美国全国选举研究的设计目标是收录美国民众的社会背景、持久政治倾向、社会与政治价值观、对群体与候选人的认知与评价、公共政策议题观点，以及政治参与情况等相关数据。与所有总统选举年份开展的时序研究一致，本研究的受访者于11月大选前两个月接受前置访谈（选举前访谈），并于大选后两个月再次接受后置访谈（选举后访谈）。

与过往研究一脉相承，2016年ANES问卷分为两类：一类用于追踪长期政治趋势的必要问题，另一类用于解析2016年特定政治时局的针对性问题。本研究保留并拓展了ANES时序研究的“核心”内容，通过收集美国民众的基础政治信念、党派归属与行为数据——这类信息对于全面理解政治格局至关重要，因此无论具体竞选活动或整体社会环境如何，每届选举都会对此类内容进行监测。

2016年ANES采用双模式调查设计，既包含传统面对面访谈（有效样本量n=1,181），也包含网络调查（有效样本量n=3,090），总样本量达4,271。除选举参与、投票行为与公众舆论相关内容外，2016年ANES时序研究还涵盖媒体接触、认知风格、价值观与政治倾向等领域的问题。部分首次于2012年ANES中设置的题目再次被采用，包括使用十项人格量表（Ten Item Personality Inventory, TIPI）测量的大五（Big Five）人格特质，以及面对面访谈中访员对受访者肤色的观察记录。本研究首次直接从受访者的Facebook账户中获取补充数据。

选举后访谈还纳入了选举制度比较研究（Comparative Study of Electorial Systems, CSES）的模块5，探讨民粹主义、精英认知、腐败问题以及对代议制民主的态度等议题。面对面访谈由经过培训的访员使用笔记本电脑上的计算机辅助个人访谈（Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing, CAPI）软件完成。在面对面访谈的部分环节中，受访者可直接在笔记本电脑上作答部分敏感问题，无需访员在场（即计算机辅助自我访谈（Computer Assisted Self-Interviewing, CASI））。网络问卷可由受访者在任何具备互联网接入条件的地点完成，可使用电脑或移动设备。受访者仅可参与其被抽样分配的调查模式。本研究包含的人口统计学变量包括受访者年龄、受教育程度、政治党派归属、种族/族裔、婚姻状况以及家庭构成。