DataSheet_1_The Microbiome of Suaeda monoica and Delphinium glaucum From Southern Corniche (Saudi Arabia) Reveals Different Recruitment Patterns of Bacteria and Archaea.docx

Soil and plant interact differently in response to the same stress (e.g., salinity) and recruit certain bacteria. The southern corniche (Saudi Arabia) has limited plant growth, which could be due to the high temperature and salinity. The study aimed to determine the soil microbiome of selected plants and the interactions between soil and these plants. Suaeda monoica and Delphinium glaucum soil samples were collected from the crust (surface) and rhizosphere, while soil with no plant growth from the nearby area was used as control. High-throughput hypervariable V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was used to evaluate the shifts in soil microbiome due to growth of plant growth. The analysis detected up to 16% archaeal strains in S. monoica-associated samples, while D. glaucum and control samples contained 100% bacterial strains. The top 10 phyla composition of the soil samples were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadota, Bacteroidota, Halobacterota, Cyanobacteria, Cloroflexi, Planctomycetota, and Myxococcota. The V3–V4 region analysis successfully clustered the 5 samples into 3 clusters (control, D. glaucum, and S. monoica) at higher-order classification but not at the species level due to unidentified bacteria. The main differences between soil samples were due to halophyte S. monoica samples containing high amounts of halophilic archaea and halophilic bacteria. This showed that selected plants interacted differently with the soil. EC- and KO-based analyses of functional genes and pathways showed that 5 pathways were specific to control, 11 pathways were observed only in D. glaucum samples, 12 pathways were expressed in S. monoica samples only, and 9 pathways were common in all samples. The study also detected numerous relatively novel genera in high abundance such as Aliifodinibius, Pontibacter, and Lacunisphaera. This showed that the soil in the sampling area is not well explored and that novel species could be isolated from the soil samples and used for future research.

土壤与植物在应对相同胁迫（如盐胁迫）时会产生不同响应，并会招募特定细菌。沙特阿拉伯南部滨海区域的植物生长受限，该现象可能由高温与盐胁迫共同导致。本研究旨在探究选定植物的土壤微生物组（soil microbiome），以及土壤与这些植物之间的互作关系。研究采集了盐地碱蓬（Suaeda monoica）和翠雀（Delphinium glaucum）的根际（rhizosphere）与地表结壳层土壤样品，并以附近无植物生长的土壤作为对照。本研究采用高通量测序技术对16S核糖体RNA基因的高变V3–V4区进行扩增测序，以解析植物生长驱动下的土壤微生物组变化。分析结果显示，与盐地碱蓬相关的样品中可检测到最高达16%的古菌菌株，而翠雀样品与对照样品仅检出细菌菌株。土壤样品的前10大菌门分别为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadota）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidota）、盐杆菌门（Halobacterota）、蓝细菌门（Cyanobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi，原文笔误为Cloroflexi）、浮霉菌门（Planctomycetota）以及粘球菌门（Myxococcota）。基于V3–V4区的分析成功将5份样品划分为3个聚类组（对照组、翠雀组与盐地碱蓬组），该聚类在高阶分类单元层面实现，但因部分细菌未被鉴定，无法在物种层面实现准确聚类。土壤样品间的主要差异在于盐生植物盐地碱蓬相关样品中含有大量嗜盐古菌与嗜盐细菌，该结果表明选定的植物与土壤间存在不同的互作模式。基于酶委员会（Enzyme Commission, EC）编号与KEGG直系同源（KEGG Orthology, KO）的功能基因与通路分析显示，对照组存在5条特异性通路，翠雀样品仅存在11条特异性通路，盐地碱蓬样品仅存在12条特异性通路，而所有样品共有的通路则有9条。本研究还检测到多种丰度较高的潜在新颖菌属，如Aliifodinibius、Pontibacter以及Lacunisphaera。这表明本次采样区域的土壤尚未得到充分探索，可从该土壤样品中分离得到新颖菌种，用于后续研究工作。