Finnish Opinions on Security Policy and National Defence 2022: Autumn

The autumn 2022 round of the annual Finnish Opinions on Security Policy National Defence survey charted Finnish public opinion on foreign policy, defence policy, security, military alliances, military service, and international armed conflicts at the time of the survey. Some questions examined views on factors affecting safety and security. This survey round also included questions about the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Opinions were charted on the success of foreign policy in the previous few years, funds allocated to the Defence Forces, whether Finland should resort to armed defence in case of any sort of attack, whether the respondents would be prepared to participate in national defence according to their abilities, and how the global security situation would develop in the next five years. Views were probed on the current, conscription-based defence system and whether women should also participate in conscription. Satisfaction with defence policy in the previous few years was also investigated. The respondents were asked to evaluate the impact of several countries and organisations, such as Russia, China, US, UN, NATO and EU, on Finland's security. The respondents were asked to evaluate Finland's preparedness for the prevention of various security threats, such as armed attack, energy supply issues, infectious diseases and epidemics, environmental hazards, political pressure from other states, economic crisis, terrorism, and attacks against information systems and networks. Views on how the military situation in nearby regions would develop during the next decade were also examined. Next, the respondents were asked whether their trust in the future of the European Union had weakened, strengthened or stayed the same. Views on co-operation between EU and NATO to increase security in Europe were also investigated. Additionally, the respondents' trust in the ability of the Finnish Defence Forces to defend Finland against military threats was examined. The respondents were asked how different issues affected the safety and security of Finland. These included, among others, Finland's EU membership, Finland's NATO membership, participation in the EU defence and in international crisis management. Views were also charted on Finnish military cooperation in the EU, with NATO, other Nordic countries, and the United States. Concerns caused by certain phenomena and issues were charted, such as withdrawals from arms controls agreements, climate change, various infectious diseases and epidemics, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, organised crime, international terrorism, fake news, cyberthreats, political extremism, racism, the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and current developments in Russia, the US, the Middle East and Afghanistan. The respondents' views on Finland's application to join NATO were also surveyed. On the topic of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the respondents were asked whether the EU and its member states should continue to offer military and financial support to Ukraine and impose sanctions on Russia. Background variables included, among others, the respondent's gender, age, economic activity and occupational status, household composition, ages of children living at home (categorised), gross annual income of the household, level of education, type of accommodation, region of residence, number of inhabitants in the municipality of residence, political party choice in the previous parliamentary elections, and political party choice if the parliamentary elections were held at the time of the survey.

2022年秋季的年度芬兰安全政策与国防民意调查，旨在了解调查期间芬兰公众对对外政策、国防政策、安全、军事联盟、兵役及国际武装冲突的看法。部分问题探讨了影响安全的因素相关观点；本轮调查还纳入了关于俄罗斯入侵乌克兰的问题。

调查涵盖的看法包括：过去几年对外政策的成效、分配给国防军的资金、芬兰遭遇任何形式攻击时是否应采取武装防御、受访者是否愿意根据自身能力参与国防，以及未来五年全球安全局势的发展趋势。此外，调查探究了公众对现行征兵制国防体系的看法，以及女性是否应参与征兵；同时考察了过去几年公众对国防政策的满意度。

受访者需评估俄罗斯、中国、美国、联合国（UN）、北约（NATO）及欧盟（EU）等国家和组织对芬兰安全的影响；还需评估芬兰应对各类安全威胁的防范准备情况，包括武装攻击、能源供应问题、传染病及疫情、环境危害、他国政治压力、经济危机、恐怖主义，以及信息系统与网络攻击。

调查还考察了公众对未来十年周边地区军事局势发展的看法；受访者需表明其对欧盟未来的信任度是减弱、增强还是保持不变；同时探究了公众对欧盟与北约合作提升欧洲安全的观点。此外，调查评估了受访者对芬兰国防军抵御军事威胁能力的信任度；受访者需说明芬兰的欧盟成员国身份、北约成员国身份、参与欧盟防务及国际危机管理等问题对芬兰安全的影响。

调查记录了公众对芬兰与欧盟、北约、其他北欧国家及美国开展军事合作的看法；同时调查了公众对若干现象和问题的担忧，包括退出军备控制协议、气候变化、各类传染病及疫情、大规模杀伤性武器扩散、有组织犯罪、国际恐怖主义、虚假信息、网络威胁、政治极端主义、种族主义、俄罗斯入侵乌克兰，以及俄罗斯、美国、中东和阿富汗的当前局势发展。受访者对芬兰申请加入北约的看法也被纳入调查；关于俄罗斯入侵乌克兰，受访者需回答欧盟及其成员国是否应继续向乌克兰提供军事和财政支持，并对俄罗斯实施制裁。

背景变量包括受访者的性别、年龄、经济活动及职业状态、家庭构成、同住子女年龄（分类）、家庭年总收入、教育水平、居住类型、居住地区、所在 municipality 的居民人数、上届议会选举中的政党选择，以及若调查时举行议会选举的政党选择。