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The green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant extracts offers an environmentally friendly approach that reduces energy consumption and avoids hazardous chemicals, thus increasing various sustainable applications. This study investigates the green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO nanoparticles) using extracts from pomegranate (Punica granatum) leaves and their application in enhancing calcareous alkali-activated materials (AAMs). Characterization techniques, including Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Dynamic Light scattering (DLS), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), were employed. CuO nanoparticles were incorporated into cold-pressed AAMs at varying concentrations (0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% by weight). Mechanical and physical properties such as compressive strength, porosity, and water absorption were evaluated, followed by microstructural analysis using XRD, FTIR, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). The synthesized CuO nanoparticles exhibited high crystallinity with minor amorphous content and a narrow size distribution, with an average particle size of 78 nm. The incorporation of 0.5% CuO nanoparticles yielded optimal results, increasing compressive strength (UCS) by 37.3% and reducing porosity and water absorption by 0.75% and 0.4%, respectively, compared to the control. Microstructural analysis indicated that CuO nanoparticles enhance matrix compactness and promote the formation of alkali-activated binder phases. Overall, the findings demonstrate that Punica granatum leaf extract can be effectively used for the green synthesis of semi-spherical CuO nanoparticles (

利用植物提取物绿色合成金属纳米颗粒，是一种环境友好的方法，可降低能耗并规避有害化学品，由此拓展了各类可持续应用场景。本研究探究了以石榴（Punica granatum）叶提取物绿色合成氧化铜纳米颗粒（CuO nanoparticles）的方法，并将其用于改良钙质碱激发材料（alkali-activated materials, AAMs）。研究采用了紫外-可见分光光度法（Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy, UV-Vis）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, FTIR）、X射线衍射（X-ray Diffraction, XRD）、动态光散射（Dynamic Light scattering, DLS）以及透射电子显微镜（Transmission Electron Microscopy, TEM）等表征手段。将氧化铜纳米颗粒以不同质量分数（0.25%、0.5%和1%）掺入冷压碱激发材料中。对其抗压强度、孔隙率以及吸水率等力学与物理性能开展测试，并结合X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜（Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM）以及能量色散X射线光谱（Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, EDX）进行微观结构分析。所合成的氧化铜纳米颗粒结晶度高，仅含少量无定形成分，粒径分布狭窄，平均粒径为78 nm。掺入0.5%的氧化铜纳米颗粒可获得最优性能：相较于对照组，其抗压强度（UCS）提升37.3%，孔隙率与吸水率分别降低0.75%与0.4%。微观结构分析表明，氧化铜纳米颗粒可提升基体致密度，并促进碱激发胶凝相的生成。综上，研究结果证实，石榴叶提取物可有效用于半球形氧化铜纳米颗粒的绿色合成。