Supplementary Information files for A gifted SNARC? Directional spatial-numerical associations in gifted children with high-level math skills do not differ from controls

Supplementary Information files for A gifted SNARC? Directional spatial-numerical associations in gifted children with high-level math skills do not differ from controlsThe SNARC (Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes) efect (i.e., a tendency to associate small/large magnitude numbers with the left/right hand side) is prevalent across the whole lifespan. Because the ability to relate numbers to space has been viewed as a cornerstone in the development of mathematical skills, the relationship between the SNARC efect and math skills has been frequently examined. The results remain largely inconsistent. Studies testing groups of people with very low or very high skill levels in math sometimes found relationships between SNARC and math skills. So far, however, studies testing such extreme math skills level groups were mostly investigating the SNARC efect in individuals revealing math difculties. Groups with above average math skills remain understudied, especially in regard to children. Here, we investigate the SNARC efect in gifted children, as compared to normally developing children (overall n=165). Frequentist and Bayesian analysis suggested that the groups did not difer from each other in the SNARC efect. These results are the frst to provide evidence for the SNARC efect in a relatively large sample of gifted (and mathematically highly skilled) children. In sum, our study provides another piece of evidence for no direct link between the SNARC efect and mathematical ability in childhood.

《天赋异禀的SNARC？具有高水平数学能力的资优儿童的方向性空间-数字关联与对照组无差异》补充信息文件。空间-数字关联编码效应（Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes, SNARC），即个体倾向于将小/大数值数字与左手/右手侧建立关联的现象，贯穿个体整个生命周期。由于数字与空间的关联能力被视为数学能力发展的基石，SNARC效应与数学能力之间的关联得到了学界的广泛考察，但相关研究结果始终存在较大分歧。过往针对数学能力极低或极高群体的研究有时会发现SNARC效应与数学能力之间存在关联，但截至目前，针对这类极端数学能力群体的研究大多聚焦于存在数学学习困难的个体，而对数学能力高于平均水平群体的相关研究仍较为匮乏，针对儿童群体的此类研究更是少之又少。本研究总样本量为165名儿童，对比了资优儿童与正常发育儿童的SNARC效应。经典统计学派与贝叶斯学派的分析结果均显示，两组儿童在SNARC效应上不存在显著差异。本研究首次在规模相对较大的资优（且数学能力优异）儿童样本中验证了SNARC效应。综上，本研究进一步佐证了童年期SNARC效应与数学能力之间不存在直接关联这一结论。