三北地区退化森林植被生态恢复（CRRM）的理论与技术

1、我国三北地区森林植被退化的过程和干扰因素分析，退化植被的评价与恢复模式。结合三北地区植被退化状况，提出退化森林植被生态恢复（CRRM）(保护、恢复、重建和经营)模式。并在我国三北地区典型的退化森林类型进行了示范与推广。 2、在深入研究东北地区地带性植被阔叶红松林的生物多样性、更新和演替的基础上，提出了有关植被恢复“潜接层”概念与理论，植被恢复与生物多样性保护的理论和技术，包括退化次生林“人工调控建群种修复技术，落叶松人工林天然化经营管理技术，针对在阔叶林冠下红松林更新，分别提出连续更新造林法，媒介法或先锋树种法、连续采伐作业法等恢复退化的阔叶红松林的技术。 3、针对华北地区山地森林的生态恢复与生物多样性的保护存在理论与技术问题，以北京市为研究对象，摸清了种植资源状况，揭示了自然保护区生物多样性及其主要干扰因素，以及恢复、保护和经营的关系，提出了从以物种保护向以生态系统保护的途径转变，以及从岛屿式保护区向自然保护区群转变的模式 在北京建立“三区二带”保护格局，确定新建扩建方案。设计了高效的整体性自然保护格局。建立乡土树种筛选指标体系和城市生物多样性保护的方法。 4、运用GIS 和RS 技术，建立西北绿洲植被退化评价指标体系的土地沙漠化敏感性评价指标及标准，研究了胡杨林间断演替与胡杨繁殖适应的特征，更新影响因素，揭示了绿洲植被退化的机理。设计了绿洲植被恢复的模式与配套技术，包括二选三采四处理育苗技术、人工提高胡杨的根蘖繁殖技术、柽柳平茬技术，生根粉与植物多酚保护剂造林技术、绿洲植被断根封育技术—“围中近，断过熟”的技术、“五配套”草库伦技术，并对上述技术进行了示范与推广。 本研究所提出的生态恢复（CRRM）模式，是在深入研究我国三北地区退化森林植被整体情况、干扰与区域环境变化而建立的大尺度保护、恢复、重建与经营的整体性技术 同时，针对生态恢复的技术需求，解决了植被恢复的关键性科学问题，保证了恢复技术的高效性和针对性。本项目的整体模式和具体技术均具有明显的创新性。通过在不同地理区域具体技术有针对性的推广，取得了显著的效果。

1. Analysis of the process and disturbance factors of forest vegetation degradation in the Three-North Region (Northeast, North and Northwest China) of China, as well as the evaluation and restoration models of degraded vegetation. Combined with the status of vegetation degradation in the Three-North Region, an ecological restoration model for degraded forest vegetation (CRRM: Conservation, Restoration, Reconstruction and Management) was proposed. Demonstration and promotion were carried out on typical degraded forest types in the Three-North Region of China.
2. Based on in-depth research on the biodiversity, regeneration and succession of zonal vegetation (broad-leaved Korean pine forest) in Northeast China, the concept and theory of the "latent connection layer" for vegetation restoration, as well as the theories and technologies for vegetation restoration and biodiversity conservation were proposed. These include the "artificial regulation of constructive species restoration technology" for degraded secondary forests, and the naturalized management technology for larch plantations. Aiming at the regeneration of Korean pine forest under broad-leaved forest canopy, technologies for restoring degraded broad-leaved Korean pine forest were proposed respectively, including continuous regeneration afforestation method, mediator method or pioneer tree species method, and continuous logging operation method.
3. Aiming at the theoretical and technical problems existing in the ecological restoration and biodiversity conservation of mountain forests in North China, taking Beijing as the research object, the germplasm resource status was clarified. The biodiversity of nature reserves, their main disturbance factors, and the relationship between restoration, conservation and management were revealed. Models for the shift from species-focused conservation to ecosystem-focused conservation, and from island-like nature reserves to nature reserve networks were proposed. A "Three Zones and Two Belts" protection pattern was established in Beijing, and the plans for new construction and expansion were determined. An efficient and holistic nature protection pattern was designed. The screening index system for native tree species and the method for urban biodiversity conservation were established.
4. Using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technologies, the land desertification sensitivity assessment indicators and standards for the oasis vegetation degradation evaluation index system in Northwest China were established. The characteristics of discontinuous succession and reproductive adaptation of Populus euphratica forest, as well as the influencing factors of regeneration were studied, and the mechanism of oasis vegetation degradation was revealed. Models and matching technologies for oasis vegetation restoration were designed, including two-selection, three-harvest and four-treatment seedling cultivation technology, artificial enhancement of Populus euphratica root sucker propagation technology, Tamarix stump cutting technology, rooting powder and plant polyphenol protective agent afforestation technology, root cutting and enclosure technology for oasis vegetation — the "enclose near, cut over-mature" technology, and the "five-matching" grass pasture technology. Demonstration and promotion of the above technologies were carried out.
The ecological restoration (CRRM) model proposed in this study is a large-scale holistic technology for conservation, restoration, reconstruction and management established based on in-depth research on the overall status of degraded forest vegetation, disturbances and regional environmental changes in the Three-North Region of China. Meanwhile, aiming at the technical demands of ecological restoration, key scientific issues of vegetation restoration were solved, ensuring the efficiency and targeting of restoration technologies. Both the overall model and specific technologies of this project have obvious innovations. Targeted promotion of specific technologies in different geographical regions has achieved remarkable results.