Research progress of decentralized domestic sewage treatment technology

Decentralized domestic sewage， characterized by its small discharge volume， fluctuating water quality， and high organic content， affects the green development and water environment safety of decentralized residential areas， primarily in rural regions， and threatens the physical and mental health of residents. Research on decentralized domestic sewage treatment technology is significant for improving the ecological environment of decentralized residential areas， increasing water supply and reducing water pollution， improving the capacity of domestic sewage treatment in decentralized residential areas， and promoting sustainable development. This paper analyzed the sources and discharge characteristics of such sewage and systematically reviewed the research progress in aerobic biological treatment， anaerobic biological treatment， natural ecological treatment， and combined multi-technology processes. It compared various technologies in terms of their advantages， disadvantages， cost， and removal efficiency. The comparison revealed that biological treatment technologies generally offer higher removal efficiency， while anaerobic biological treatment technologies have a wide range of adaptability， and natural ecological purification technologies have lower operating costs. Therefore， combined multi-technology processes should be the primary direction for future development. In addition， this paper discussed the current situation and future trends of these treatment technologies， as well as the needs and prospects for efficient， green， and sustainable solutions. Finally， suggestions were put forward for selecting appropriate technologies， with a view to providing reference and support for the management of decentralized domestic sewage and for the application and development of related treatment technologies.

分散式生活污水（Decentralized Domestic Sewage）具有排放量小、水质波动大、有机物含量高的典型特征，对以农村地区为主的分散居住区的绿色发展与水环境安全构成负面影响，同时威胁居民的身心健康。开展分散式生活污水处理技术研究，对于改善分散居住区生态环境、提升供水复用能力、降低水污染负荷、增强分散居住区生活污水处理效能，以及推动区域可持续发展均具有重要意义。本文首先剖析了该类污水的来源与排放特性，系统综述了好氧生物处理（aerobic biological treatment）、厌氧生物处理（anaerobic biological treatment）、自然生态处理（natural ecological treatment）及复合多技术联用工艺的研究进展。随后从技术优缺点、处理成本及污染物去除效率等维度对各类技术进行了对比分析。对比结果显示，生物处理技术普遍具备更高的污染物去除效能；厌氧生物处理技术适配范围广泛；而自然生态净化处理技术的运行成本更为低廉。因此，复合多技术联用工艺应成为未来分散式生活污水处理技术的主流发展方向。此外，本文还探讨了各类处理技术的发展现状与未来趋势，以及高效、绿色、可持续的污水处理解决方案的研发需求与应用前景。最后，本文针对适宜技术的选型提出了针对性建议，以期为分散式生活污水的治理管理以及相关处理技术的应用与发展提供可靠参考与有力支撑。