Books in Spanish from the Philippines published between 1500-1900

The colonization of the Philippines was a complex and lengthy process that led to the emergence of Spanish-language non-fiction and fiction literature in the archipelago. Filipino intellectuals, emerging from the Spanish-imposed education system, became a force against colonialism by producing Spanish fiction and non-fiction. Despite the shift to English during American colonization, Spanish-language literature continued to evolve, reflecting Filipino resilience. The Catholic Church significantly shaped Filipino society through the Spanish education system. This article focuses on themes of identity, colonialism, and aspirations for freedom found in Spanish-language works published in the Philippines or Spain, and the Filipino intellectuals who contributed to this narrative. Theoretical frameworks by Benedict Anderson and Partha Chatterjee provide insights into how Filipino authors used Spanish to articulate a collective identity, fostering a unique national consciousness even within the colonial power's language. The University of California, Berkeley’s location on the Pacific Rim has prompted the library to collect these works for scholars and students. The author provides insights into the subject matter of Spanish-language print books from the Philippines and demonstrates how digital humanities tools like Meta AI, ChatGPT, and Voyant can be utilized to offer additional insights from the Spanish-language narratives written by Filipino intellectuals in the 19th century, deepening our understanding of colonial-era literature.

Methods
For data collection, the author used purposive sampling using the Choreo Insights- a tool developed by the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) to provide real-time information about the holdings in academic libraries to avoid potential duplication and collaborate to build sustainable collections moving forward, as many academic libraries face budgetary and space constraints. The Choreo Insights tool allows for comparing two academic libraries' collections to see the overlap or gap in collections. For this analysis, since the author wanted to establish the collections of the UC Berkeley library, the author deliberately chose the University of California-San Francisco (UCSF) as a library against which the analysis was run.

UCSF primarily collects items related to medicine and biological sciences; thus, the study showed no overlap in collections. For the format, the author only opted for printed books because these unlike the manuscripts formed the part of the general collections that was easily accessible to me. I used Spanish for the languages of the publications, and Philippines (ph) for place of publication to run the analysis. I purposefully used years of publication as a criterion due to the assumption that the number of books in the UC Berkeley Library’s collection published in Spanish in the Philippines could be relatively small. The author limited the publication date to the period between 1565 and 2024. The Philippines gained independence from the USA in 1946. However, the Spanish colonial period began in 1565 and ended in 1898. I chose 2024 as the date, as many Spanish language books by the Filipino authors were reprinted in the independent Philippines. The language of the publications was limited to Spanish (Sp) as indicated by the Library of Congress' language codes.

The analysis returned 255 individual titles on all subjects published in the Philippines. I then filtered these results by LC Call number ranges to limit them to LC Call numbers reserved for literature (PL and PQ) which resulted in 39 individual titles. I then narrowed the years of publication from 1500 to 1898, further reducing the number to 30 titles.

 I utilized a virtual Spanish source, Literatura Filipina en español [Philippine literature in Spanish], maintained by Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes [Virtual Library of Miguel de Cervantes], to identify publications by authors of Philippine origin published in Spain during the colonial period. It collates 126 fiction items by Filipino authors. In addition to the virtual source, I consulted La Literatura Filipina en Castellano [The Philippine Literature in Castilian] by Luis Marinas Otero (1974). This helped me identify key authors from the Philippines who wrote in Spanish and had their works published in Spain.

菲律宾殖民进程复杂且漫长，最终促成了该群岛上西班牙语非虚构与虚构文学的诞生。出自西班牙推行的教育体系的菲律宾知识分子，以创作西班牙语虚构与非虚构作品的方式，成为反抗殖民主义的重要力量。尽管美国殖民时期菲律宾转而使用英语，但西班牙语文学仍持续发展，彰显了菲律宾民众的韧性。天主教会通过西班牙殖民教育体系深刻塑造了菲律宾社会。本文聚焦于在菲律宾或西班牙出版的西班牙语作品中所蕴含的身份认同、殖民主义与自由诉求等主题，以及为此叙事做出贡献的菲律宾知识分子。本尼迪克特·安德森（Benedict Anderson）与帕萨·查特吉（Partha Chatterjee）提出的理论框架，为理解菲律宾创作者如何借助西班牙语阐明集体身份、甚至在殖民语言体系中培育独特的民族意识提供了视角。加州大学伯克利分校（University of California, Berkeley）地处环太平洋地区，该校图书馆因此收藏了相关作品以供学者与学生使用。本文作者剖析了来自菲律宾的西班牙语印刷书籍的主题内容，并展示了如何利用Meta AI、ChatGPT与Voyant等数字人文（digital humanities）工具，从19世纪菲律宾知识分子创作的西班牙语叙事中获取更多见解，从而深化我们对殖民时代文学的认知。

研究方法
在数据收集环节，作者采用目的性抽样法，使用由联机计算机图书馆中心（Online Computer Library Center，OCLC）开发的Choreo Insights工具——该工具可提供学术图书馆馆藏的实时信息，以避免潜在的馆藏重复，并助力构建可持续的馆藏体系——鉴于诸多学术图书馆均面临预算与空间限制。Choreo Insights工具可比对两所学术图书馆的馆藏，以呈现馆藏的重叠或缺口情况。本次分析中，因作者旨在梳理加州大学伯克利分校图书馆的馆藏，故特意选择加州大学旧金山分校（University of California-San Francisco, UCSF）作为对照分析的图书馆。

加州大学旧金山分校主要收藏医学与生物科学相关藏品，因此本次分析显示双方馆藏无重叠。在馆藏格式方面，作者仅选择印刷书籍——相较于手稿，印刷书籍属于普通馆藏且易于获取。作者以西班牙语作为出版物语言，以菲律宾（ph，美国国会图书馆语言代码）作为出版地开展分析。鉴于作者假设加州大学伯克利分校图书馆收藏的菲律宾西班牙语出版物数量相对较少，故特意以出版年份作为筛选标准。作者将出版时间限定在1565年至2024年之间。菲律宾于1946年脱离美国独立，而西班牙殖民时期始于1565年、终于1898年；选择2024年作为截止年份，是因为诸多菲律宾创作者的西班牙语作品在独立后的菲律宾得以重印。按照美国国会图书馆的语言代码，出版物语言限定为西班牙语（Sp）。

本次分析共检索到在菲律宾出版的全主题图书255种。随后，作者依据美国国会图书馆（Library of Congress，LC）索书号范围进行筛选，将范围限定为用于文学类别的PL与PQ类索书号，最终得到39种图书。再将出版年份范围缩小至1500年至1898年，进一步将数量缩减至30种。

作者借助米格尔·德·塞万提斯虚拟图书馆（Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes）维护的虚拟资源《菲律宾西班牙语文学》（Literatura Filipina en español），以识别殖民时期在西班牙出版的菲律宾籍创作者作品。该资源收录了菲律宾创作者创作的126种虚构作品。除该虚拟资源外，作者还参考了路易斯·马里纳斯·奥特罗（Luis Marinas Otero）1974年所著的《卡斯蒂利亚语菲律宾文学》（La Literatura Filipina en Castellano），以此识别菲律宾境内以西班牙语创作且作品在西班牙出版的核心创作者。