机床轴承失效模式研究报告

轴承是广泛应用于制造业重要的机械零部件，是配套的精密基础件，同时也是最易损坏的元件之一。机械的许多故障都与轴承有关，轴承工作性能的好坏直接影响到与之相关联的轴以及安装在轴上的齿轮乃至整台机器设备的性能。轴承的损伤和失效通常使机械设备的生产能力降低，产品质量下降，甚至造成人身和设备事故。本文通过相关资料查阅结合失效机床轴承样品的失效分析工作，对机床主轴轴承的失效模式进行整理，明确了接触疲劳、磨粒磨损、腐蚀结合磨损等几种常见的机床轴承失效模式的主要失效特征和判断依据，为今后的机床轴承制造工艺及性能优化提供帮助。

Bearings are critical mechanical components widely utilized in the manufacturing industry, serving as supporting precision foundational parts and ranking among the most prone-to-damage components. A vast majority of mechanical failures are associated with bearings, and the operational performance of bearings directly affects the performance of connected shafts, gears mounted on these shafts, and even the entire mechanical equipment. Damage and failure of bearings typically reduce the production capacity of mechanical equipment, degrade product quality, and even cause personal injuries and equipment accidents. This paper organizes the failure modes of machine tool spindle bearings by reviewing relevant literature and combining with failure analysis work on failed machine tool bearing samples. It clarifies the main failure characteristics and judgment criteria for several common failure modes of machine tool bearings, including contact fatigue, abrasive wear, corrosion-combined wear, etc., to provide support for future manufacturing process optimization and performance improvement of machine tool bearings.