Table_8_Metagenome-assembled genomes indicate that antimicrobial resistance genes are highly prevalent among urban bacteria and multidrug and glycopeptide resistances are ubiquitous in most taxa.csv

IntroductionEvery year, millions of deaths are associated with the increased spread of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in bacteria. With the increasing urbanization of the global population, the spread of ARGs in urban bacteria has become a more severe threat to human health.
MethodsIn this study, we used metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) recovered from 1,153 urban metagenomes in multiple urban locations to investigate the fate and occurrence of ARGs in urban bacteria. Additionally, we analyzed the occurrence of these ARGs on plasmids and estimated the virulence of the bacterial species.
ResultsOur results showed that multidrug and glycopeptide ARGs are ubiquitous among urban bacteria. Additionally, we analyzed the deterministic effects of phylogeny on the spread of these ARGs and found ARG classes that have a non-random distribution within the phylogeny of our recovered MAGs. However, few ARGs were found on plasmids and most of the recovered MAGs contained few virulence factors.
DiscussionOur results suggest that the observed non-random spreads of ARGs are not due to the transfer of plasmids and that most of the bacteria observed in the study are unlikely to be virulent. Additional research is needed to evaluate whether the ubiquitous and widespread ARG classes will become entirely prevalent among urban bacteria and how they spread among phylogenetically distinct species.

引言
每年都有数百万例死亡与细菌中抗菌药物耐药基因（antimicrobial resistance genes, ARGs）的广泛传播密切相关。随着全球人口城市化进程不断加快，城市环境细菌中ARGs的传播已对人类健康构成更为严峻的威胁。
方法
本研究采用从多座城市点位的1153份城市宏基因组中获得的宏基因组组装基因组（metagenome-assembled genomes, MAGs），探究城市环境细菌中ARGs的存在情况与传播规律。此外，我们分析了这些ARGs在质粒（plasmids）上的携带情况，并对所涉及细菌物种的毒力进行了评估。
结果
本研究结果显示，多重耐药类与糖肽类ARGs在城市细菌中广泛存在。此外，我们分析了系统发育对这些ARGs传播的决定性影响，发现部分ARGs类别在本研究获得的MAGs的系统发育树中呈现非随机分布特征。但本研究中仅在极少数质粒上检测到ARGs，且多数获得的MAGs仅携带少量毒力因子。
讨论
本研究结果表明，所观测到的ARGs非随机传播并非由质粒转移介导，且本研究中绝大多数受试细菌并不具备强毒力。未来仍需开展更多研究，以明确这类广泛存在的ARGs类别是否会在城市细菌中完全流行，以及它们如何在系统发育迥异的细菌物种间实现传播。