Survey experiment of Christians in the Netherlands and Denmark

The survey experiment data was collected by the polling company YouGov Denmark, who have access to large panels of respondents in each of the two countries. 1000 respondents in each country who identified as Christian, Protestant or Catholic when asked what religion, if any, they belong to in a screening question were entered into the full questionnaire. YouGov collects information on the gender, age, geographic region and education of their panel respondents, and the sample is representative, and weighted according to these characteristics. The questionnaire was designed in English and translated and back translated to Dutch and Danish respectively to ensure the similarity of meaning in the different languages.
The survey experiment was conducted as a 2x2x2 design, with Country, Prime and Frame being the distinguishing variables.
Prime: In each country participants were divided into two equally sized groups. Each group was primed with a brief statement about either the Uncontrollability of their financial future, or their Control over their financial future. In each condition they were also asked to provide three reasons (in their own words) why they were either in control or not in control of their financial future.
Frame: The participants were then given 10 statements about their religiosity to answer on a scale from (0) "Do not agree at all" to (10) "Completely agree". Each participant was presented with one of two different frames:The collective identity frame includes statements such as: "I consider myself a Christian because: I am Danish / Dutch, I celebrate Christmas, I was Baptised, My mother and/or father are Christian". The personal identity frame includes statements such as: "I consider myself a Christian because I have a personal relationship with God, I believe in an afterlife, I am a spiritual person".
<p>A number of sociological and psychological studies have shown that situations of insecurity and threat could increase religious in-group identification. The proposed research project investigates whether between-country differences in Christian identity, would be strengthened by priming participants with salience of threat to
the national economy. A survey experiment will be conducted on a large representative sample of self-defined Christians from the Netherlands and Denmark, two countries with marked difference in the relationship between religious and national identity. Our hypothesis is that these differences would be heightened in a situation of threat salience. Specifically, we predict that people
primed with control threat will describe their religion more in terms of collective identity in Denmark, and personal identity in the Netherlands.</p>

调查实验数据由民意调查公司YouGov Denmark收集，该公司拥有两个国家的大型受访者面板访问权限。每个国家中，在筛选问题中被问及所属宗教（若有）时自认为是基督教徒、新教徒或天主教徒的1000名受访者参与了完整问卷。YouGov收集其面板受访者的性别、年龄、地理区域及教育信息，样本具有代表性，并根据这些特征进行加权处理。问卷以英文设计，随后分别翻译成荷兰语和丹麦语并进行回译，以确保不同语言版本的含义一致性。

调查实验采用2×2×2设计，以国家、启动（Prime）和框架（Frame）为区分变量。

启动（Prime）：在每个国家，参与者被分为两组规模相等的群体。每组接受关于财务未来不可控性或可控性的简短陈述启动。在每种实验条件下，参与者还需（用自己的话）提供三个理由，说明为何对自身财务未来可控或不可控。

框架（Frame）：随后，参与者需回答10条关于其宗教信仰的陈述，评分范围为（0）“完全不同意”至（10）“完全同意”。每位参与者被呈现两种不同框架中的一种：集体身份（collective identity）框架包含诸如“我认为自己是基督教徒，因为我是丹麦人/荷兰人、我庆祝圣诞节、我受过洗礼、我的母亲和/或父亲是基督教徒”等陈述；个人身份（personal identity）框架包含诸如“我认为自己是基督教徒，因为我与上帝有个人关系、我相信来世、我是一个有灵性的人”等陈述。

若干社会学与心理学研究表明，不安全感与威胁情境可能增强宗教内群体认同（in-group identification）。本研究项目旨在探讨，通过启动参与者对国家经济威胁的显著性，是否会强化基督教身份的国家间差异。调查实验将在荷兰和丹麦的大型代表性自我定义基督教徒样本上开展——这两个国家在宗教与国家身份的关系上存在显著差异。我们的假设是，在威胁显著的情境下，这些差异会加剧。具体而言，我们预测，接受可控性威胁启动的个体在丹麦会更多地从集体身份角度描述其宗教，而在荷兰则更多地从个人身份角度描述。