Effectiveness of mRNA, protein subunit vaccine and viral vectors vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in people over 18 years old: a systematic review

Vaccines prevent disease and disability; save lives and represent a good assessment of health interventions. Several systematic reviews on the efficacy and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines have been published, but the immunogenicity and safety of these vaccines should also be addressed.
This systemic investigation sought to explain the efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of new vaccination technologies against SARS-CoV-2 in people over 18 years old. Original research studying the effectiveness on mRNA, protein subunit vaccines, and viral vector vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in people over 18 years old was analyzed. Several databases (Web of Science, Scopus, MEDLINE and EMBASE) were searched between 2012 and November 2022 for English-language papers using text and MeSH terms related to SARS-CoV-2, mechanism, protein subunit vaccine, viral vector, and mRNA. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO, CRD42022341952. Study quality was assessed using the NICE methodology. We looked at a total of six original articles. All studies gathered and presented quantitative data.
Our results suggest that new vaccinations could have more than 90% efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, regardless of the technology used. Furthermore, adverse reactions go from mild to moderate, and good immunogenicity can be observed for all vaccine types.

疫苗可预防疾病与伤残、挽救生命，是健康干预措施的优质评估对象。目前已有多项针对新冠疫苗（COVID-19 vaccines）的效力与有效性的系统综述发表，但此类疫苗的免疫原性与安全性仍有待进一步探讨。
本系统性研究旨在阐明针对18岁以上人群的新型疫苗技术抵御严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）的效力、免疫原性与安全性。本研究对针对18岁以上人群、评估信使核糖核酸（mRNA）疫苗、蛋白亚单位疫苗（protein subunit vaccines）以及病毒载体疫苗（viral vector vaccines）抵御SARS-CoV-2效果的原创性研究进行了分析。
本研究于2012年至2022年11月期间，检索了Web of Science、Scopus、MEDLINE及EMBASE等多个数据库，以筛选与SARS-CoV-2、作用机制、蛋白亚单位疫苗、病毒载体以及mRNA相关的英文文献，检索策略结合自由词与医学主题词表（MeSH）术语。本研究方案已在PROSPERO平台注册，注册号为CRD42022341952。研究质量采用英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所（NICE）方法学进行评估。本研究共纳入6篇原创性研究，所有纳入研究均收集并呈现了定量数据。
研究结果显示，无论采用何种疫苗技术平台，新型疫苗抵御SARS-CoV-2的效力均可达到90%以上。此外，各类疫苗的不良反应均为轻至中度，且所有疫苗类型均展现出良好的免疫原性。