European Values Study 2008: Bulgaria (EVS 2008)

Two online overviews offer comprehensive metadata on the EVS datasets and variables.The extended study description for the EVS 2008 provides country-specificinformation on the origin and outcomes of the national surveys The variable overview of the four EVS waves 1981 1990 1999/2000 and 2008 allows for identifying country specific deviations in the question wording within and across the EVS waves.These overviews can be found at:Extended Study DescriptionVariable Overview Moral, religious, societal, political, work, and family values ofEuropeans.Topics: 1. Perceptions of life: importance of work, family, friendsand acquaintances, leisure time, politics and religion; frequency ofpolitical discussions with friends; happiness; self-assessment of ownhealth; memberships and unpaid work (volunteering) in: social welfareservices, religious or church organisations, education, or culturalactivities, labour unions, political parties, local political actions,human rights, environmental or peace movement, professionalassociations, youth work, sports clubs, women´s groups, voluntaryassociations concerned with health or other groups; tolerance towardsminorities (people with a criminal record, of a different race,left/right wing extremists, alcohol addicts, large families,emotionally unstable people, Muslims, immigrants, AIDS sufferers, drugaddicts, homosexuals, Jews, gypsies and Christians - social distance);trust in people; estimation of people´s fair and helpful behaviour;internal or external control; satisfaction with life.2. Work: reasons for people to live in need; importance of selectedaspects of occupational work; employment status; general worksatisfaction; freedom of decision-taking in the job; importance of work(work ethics, scale); important aspects of leisure time; attitudetowards following instructions at work without criticism (obediencework); give priority to nationals over foreigners as well as men overwomen in jobs.3. Religion: Individual or general clear guidelines for good and evil;religious denomination; current and former religious denomination;current frequency of church attendance and at the age of 12; importanceof religious celebration at birth, marriage, and funeral;self-assessment of religiousness; churches give adequate answers tomoral questions, problems of family life, spiritual needs and socialproblems of the country; belief in God, life after death, hell, heaven,sin and re-incarnation; personal God versus spirit or life force; ownway of connecting with the divine; interest in the sacred or thesupernatural; attitude towards the existence of one true religion;importance of God in one´s life (10-point-scale); experience of comfortand strength from religion and belief; moments of prayer andmeditation; frequency of prayers; belief in lucky charms or a talisman(10-point-scale); attitude towards the separation of church and state. 4. Family and marriage: most important criteria for a successfulmarriage (scale); attitude towards childcare (a child needs a home withfather and mother, a woman has to have children to be fulfilled,marriage is an out-dated institution, woman as a single-parent);attitude towards marriage, children, and traditional family structure(scale); attitude towards traditional understanding of one´s role ofman and woman in occupation and family (scale); attitude towards:respect and love for parents, parent´s responsibilities for theirchildren and the responsibility of adult children for their parentswhen they are in need of long-term care; importance of educationalgoals; attitude towards abortion.5. Politics and society: political interest; political participation;preference for individual freedom or social equality; self-assessmenton a left-right continuum (10-point-scale); self-responsibility orgovernmental provision; free decision of job-taking of the unemployedor no permission to refuse a job; advantage or harmfulness ofcompetition; liberty of firms or governmental control; equal incomes orincentives for individual efforts; attitude concerning capitalismversus government ownership; postmaterialism (scale); expectation offuture development (less emphasis on money and material possessions,greater respect for authority); trust in institutions; satisfactionwith democracy; assessment of the political system of the country asgood or bad (10-point-scale); preferred type of political system(strong leader, expert decisions, army should rule the country, ordemocracy); attitude towards democracy (scale).6. Moral attitudes (scale: claiming state benefits withoutentitlement, cheating on taxes, joyriding, taking soft drugs, lying,adultery, bribe money, homosexuality, abortion, divorce, euthanasia,suicide, corruption, paying cash, casual sex, avoiding fare on publictransport, prostitution, experiments with human embryos, geneticmanipulation of food, insemination or in-vitro fertilization and deathpenalty).7. National identity: geographical group the respondent feelsbelonging to (town, region of country, country, Europe, the world);citizenship; national pride; fears associated with the European Union(the loss of social security and national identity, growing expenditureof the own country, the loss of power in the world for one´s owncountry and the loss of jobs); attitude towards the enlargement of theEuropean Union (10-point-scale); voting intensions in the next electionand party preference; party that appeals most; preferred immigrantpolicy; opinion on terrorism; attitude towards immigrants and theircustoms and traditions (take jobs away, undermine a country´s culturallife, make crime problems worse, strain on country´s welfare system,threat to society, maintain distinct customs and traditions); feelinglike a stranger in one´s own country; too many immigrants; importantaspects of national identity (being born in the country, to respectcountry´s political institutions and laws, to have country´s ancestry,to speak the national language, to have lived for a long time in thecountry); interest in politics in the media; give authoritiesinformation to help justice versus stick to own affaires; closeness tofamily, neighbourhood, the people in the region, countrymen, Europeansand mankind; concerned about the living conditions of elderly people,unemployed, immigrants and sick or disabled people.8. Environment: attitude towards the environment (scale: readiness togive part of own income for the environment, overpopulation, disastrousconsequences from human interference with nature, human ingenuityremains earth fit to live in, the balance of nature is strong enough tocope with the impacts of modern industrial nations, humans were meantto rule over the rest of nature, an ecological catastrophe isinevitable).Demography: sex; age (year of birth); born in the country ofinterview; country of birth; year of immigration into the country;father and mother born in the country; country of birth of father andmother; current legal marital status; living together with the partnerbefore marriage or before the registration of partnership; livingtogether with a partner and living with a partner before; steadyrelationship; married to previous partner; living together withprevious partner before marriage; end of relationship; number ofchildren; year of birth of the first child; size and composition ofhousehold; experienced events: the death of a child, of father ormother, the divorce of a child, of the parents or of another relative;age of respondent when these events took place; age at completion ofeducation; highest educational level attained; employment status;employed or self-employed in the last job; profession (ISCO-88) andoccupational position; supervising function and span of control; sizeof company.Social origin and partner: respondent´s partner or spouse: partner wasborn in the country and partner´s country of birth; highest educationallevel; employment status of the partner; employment or self-employmentof the partner in his/her last job; partner´s profession (ISCO-88) andoccupational position; supervising function of the partner and span ofcontrol; unemployment and dependence on social-security of therespondent and his partner longer then three months in the last fiveyears; scale of household income; living together with parents when therespondent was 14 years old; highest educational level offather/mother; employment status of father/mother when the respondentwas 14 years old; profession of father/mother (ISCO-88) and kind ofwork; number of employees (size of business); supervising function andspan of control of father and mother; characterization of the parentswhen respondent was 14 years old (scale: liked to read books, discussedpolitics at home with their child, liked to follow the news, hadproblems making ends meet, had problems replacing broken things);region the respondent lived at the age of 14, present place ofresidence (postal code); size of town; region. Interviewer rating:respondent´s interest in the interview.Additionally encoded: interviewer number; date of the interview; totallength of the interview; time of the interview (start hour and startminute, end hour and end minute); language in which the interview wasconducted.Additional country specific variables are included in this nationaldataset.

两份在线概述提供了关于欧洲价值观调查（European Values Study, EVS）数据集及变量的全面元数据。2008年EVS的扩展研究描述提供了各国全国性调查起源与结果的特定信息；1981、1990、1999/2000及2008年四波EVS的变量概述可用于识别各波次内部及跨波次间问题表述的国家特定偏差。这些概述可在以下链接获取：Extended Study Description、Variable Overview

欧洲人的道德、宗教、社会、政治、工作及家庭价值观。

主题：
1. 生活认知：工作、家庭、朋友与熟人、休闲时间、政治及宗教的重要性；与朋友进行政治讨论的频率；幸福感；健康自评；在以下组织中的成员身份及无偿工作（志愿服务）：社会福利服务机构、宗教或教会组织、教育或文化活动团体、工会、政党、地方政治行动组织、人权组织、环境或和平运动团体、专业协会、青年工作组织、体育俱乐部、女性团体、健康相关志愿协会或其他团体；对少数群体（有犯罪记录者、不同种族者、左右翼极端分子、酗酒者、多子女家庭、情绪不稳定者、穆斯林、移民、艾滋病患者、吸毒者、同性恋者、犹太人、吉普赛人及基督徒——社会距离（social distance））的容忍度；对他人的信任；对他人公平与助人行为的评价；内控或外控（internal or external control）；生活满意度。
2. 工作态度：人们陷入贫困的原因；职业工作特定方面的重要性；就业状态；总体工作满意度；工作中的决策自由度；工作重要性（工作伦理，量表）；休闲时间的重要方面；对无批评遵从工作指令的态度（服从性工作）；就业中本国公民优先于外国人及男性优先于女性的态度。
3. 宗教态度：善恶的个人或普遍明确准则；宗教 denomination；当前及过往宗教 denomination；当前及12岁时的教堂出席频率；出生、婚姻及葬礼中宗教仪式的重要性；宗教信仰自评；教会对道德问题、家庭生活问题、精神需求及国家社会问题的回答是否充分；对上帝、来世、地狱、天堂、罪恶及转世的信仰；人格化上帝与精神或生命力量的对比；个人与神圣连接的方式；对神圣或超自然事物的兴趣；对单一真宗教存在的态度；上帝在个人生活中的重要性（10分量表）；从宗教与信仰中获得安慰与力量的体验；祈祷与冥想时刻；祈祷频率；对幸运符或护身符的信仰（10分量表）；对政教分离的态度。
4. 家庭与婚姻态度：成功婚姻的最重要标准（量表）；对育儿的态度（孩子需要父母双全的家庭、女性必须生育才能实现自我、婚姻是过时制度、女性作为单亲家长）；对婚姻、子女及传统家庭结构的态度（量表）；对职业与家庭中男女角色的传统认知态度（量表）；对以下方面的态度：对父母的尊重与爱、父母对子女的责任及成年子女对需要长期照料的父母的责任；教育目标的重要性；对堕胎的态度。
5. 政治与社会态度：政治兴趣；政治参与；对个人自由或社会平等的偏好；左右政治光谱自评（10分量表）；自我负责或政府提供；失业者自由择业或不得拒绝工作；竞争的利弊；企业自由或政府控制；收入平等或个人努力激励；对资本主义与政府所有制的态度；后物质主义（量表）；对未来发展的预期（更少强调金钱与物质财富、更尊重权威）；对机构的信任；对民主的满意度；对国家政治制度的好坏评价（10分量表）；偏好的政治制度类型（强势领导人、专家决策、军队统治国家或民主）；对民主的态度（量表）。
6. 道德态度（量表：无资格申领国家福利、逃税、偷开他人车辆、吸食软性毒品、说谎、通奸、收受贿赂、同性恋、堕胎、离婚、安乐死、自杀、腐败、现金交易、随意性行为、逃公共交通费、卖淫、人类胚胎实验、食品基因操纵、人工授精或体外受精及死刑）。
7. 国家认同：受访者认为所属的地理群体（城镇、地区、国家、欧洲、世界）；公民身份；民族自豪感；与欧盟相关的担忧（社会保障与国家认同丧失、本国支出增加、本国全球影响力下降及失业）；对欧盟扩大的态度（10分量表）；下次选举投票意向与政党偏好；最具吸引力的政党；偏好的移民政策；对恐怖主义的看法；对移民及其习俗传统的态度（抢走工作、破坏国家文化生活、加剧犯罪问题、给国家福利系统带来压力、威胁社会、保持独特习俗传统）；在本国感到陌生；移民过多；国家认同的重要方面（出生于该国、尊重国家政治制度与法律、拥有该国血统、讲本国语言、在该国长期居住）；对媒体中政治内容的兴趣；向当局提供信息协助司法或专注自身事务；与家人、邻居、地区民众、同胞、欧洲人及人类的亲近感；对老年人、失业者、移民及病残人士生活状况的关注。
8. 环境态度（量表：愿意为环境付出部分收入、人口过剩、人类干预自然的灾难性后果、人类智慧仍能使地球宜居、自然平衡足以应对现代工业国家的影响、人类注定统治其他自然万物、生态灾难不可避免）。

人口统计学信息：性别；年龄（出生年份）；是否在受访国出生；出生国；移民至受访国的年份；父母是否在受访国出生；父母出生国；当前法定婚姻状况；婚前或伴侣关系登记前是否与伴侣同居；是否与伴侣同居及婚前是否同居；稳定关系；与前伴侣结婚；婚前是否与前伴侣同居；关系结束；子女数量；第一个孩子的出生年份；家庭规模与构成；经历的事件：子女、父母或其他亲属的死亡、子女或父母的离婚；这些事件发生时受访者的年龄；教育完成年龄；最高教育水平；就业状态；上一份工作是受雇还是自雇；职业（国际标准职业分类1988版，International Standard Classification of Occupations 1988, ISCO-88）及职业职位；监督职能与管理幅度；公司规模。

社会出身与伴侣信息：受访者的伴侣或配偶：伴侣是否在受访国出生及伴侣出生国；最高教育水平；伴侣的就业状态；伴侣上一份工作是受雇还是自雇；伴侣的职业（ISCO-88）及职业职位；伴侣的监督职能与管理幅度；受访者及其伴侣过去五年中失业及依赖社会保障超过三个月的情况；家庭收入量表；受访者14岁时是否与父母同住；父母的最高教育水平；受访者14岁时父母的就业状态；父母的职业（ISCO-88）及工作类型；员工数量（企业规模）；父母的监督职能与管理幅度；受访者14岁时对父母的描述（量表：喜欢读书、在家与孩子讨论政治、喜欢关注新闻、难以维持生计、难以更换破损物品）；受访者14岁时居住的地区、当前居住地（邮政编码）；城镇规模；地区。

访谈者评分：受访者对访谈的兴趣。

额外编码信息：访谈者编号；访谈日期；访谈总时长；访谈时间（开始小时与分钟、结束小时与分钟）；访谈语言。

本国家数据集还包含额外的国家特定变量。