Table_1_The “Guamúchil” cultivation in a Mexican cultural landscape: A wild food source for people and birds.DOCX

Indigenous management of biocultural resources can influence behavior of non-target animals. Hence, identifying shared resources between indigenous communities and fauna is essential to understand the ecological relationships that occur within cultural landscapes and promote sustainable practices. In this ethnoecological research we analyzed the feeding importance of a wild food that is used by both people and birds. We employed unstructured interviews and a survey to learn about food resources used by people of a Nahua community in western Mexico. Trees were frequently mentioned by locals; thus, we determined salience and cultural meaning of arboreal feeding sources for the indigenous community. The “Guamúchil” or Manila tamarind (Pithecellobium dulce) was the most bioculturally salient tree for the feeding and economy of local people, and we evaluated its significance for birds too. We analyzed avian foraging behavior to estimate the number of species that used the tree as a food source, the relevance of Guamúchil as foraging substrate, food types provided by this tree, and the avian feeding use of Guamúchil when it was locally employed as a live fence. We observed that local people tracked fruiting Guamúchil across the landscape and cultivated it in homegardens to facilitate fruit access. Seed pods were locally appreciated for direct consumption by households and commercialization. Guamúchil’s cover was low in the surrounding forest (mean: 0.4, standard deviation: 0.7), but much higher in homegardens (mean: 20.9, standard deviation: 16.3). We estimated that about a fourth of the avian species that foraged across the cultural landscape during our sampling feed on Guamúchil. Birds prey on invertebrates associated with this tree, but Guamúchil was mostly important to avian foraging for the fruit it produces. We determined that live fences of Guamúchil functioned as complementary food sources to birds. Our research shows how humans and birds share key feeding resources within cultural landscapes. Also, we depict how indigenous agroforestry practices positively impact wildlife foraging, which should be promoted as conservation and restoration tools to support sustainability. Identifying key foods and analyzing their use might facilitate the development of activities aimed to benefiting both humans and animal communities.

本土社群对生物文化资源（biocultural resources）的管护行为，可影响非目标动物的活动模式。因此，厘清本土社群与动物类群共享的资源，是理解文化景观内生态关系、推广可持续实践的关键所在。本项民族生态学研究（ethnoecological research）聚焦于人类与鸟类共同利用的一种野生食物资源，并对其摄食重要性展开分析。研究采用非结构化访谈与问卷调查的方法，对墨西哥西部某纳瓦（Nahua）社群民众所利用的食物资源进行调研。当地居民频繁提及乔木类食物资源，因此我们进一步明确了该本土社群对木本摄食来源的文化显著性与重视程度。“Guamúchil”（马尼拉酸角，Manila tamarind，学名*Pithecellobium dulce*）是对当地民众摄食与经济活动最具生物文化显著性的乔木物种，我们同时评估了其对鸟类的生态价值。研究分析了鸟类的觅食行为，以统计以该树为食物来源的鸟类物种数量、该树作为觅食基质的重要性、其提供的食物类型，以及当地将其作为活篱笆（live fence）时的鸟类摄食利用情况。调研发现，当地民众会追踪挂果的Guamúchil植株，并将其种植于家庭菜园（homegardens）中以便利果实采集。当地居民十分喜爱其荚果，可直接供家庭食用或进行商业化售卖。该树种在周边原生林内的覆盖率较低（平均值：0.4，标准差：0.7），但在家庭菜园中的占比显著更高（平均值：20.9，标准差：16.3）。经估算，在本次采样期间于文化景观内觅食的鸟类物种中，约有四分之一以Guamúchil为食。鸟类会取食该树上附着的无脊椎动物，但Guamúchil对鸟类觅食的核心价值主要在于其所产出的果实。此外我们发现，作为活篱笆种植的Guamúchil可作为鸟类的补充食物来源。本研究阐明了人类与鸟类如何在文化景观中共享关键摄食资源，同时揭示了本土农林业实践如何对野生动物觅食产生积极影响，此类实践应作为支持可持续发展的保护与修复工具加以推广。明确关键食物资源并分析其利用方式，将有助于开发兼顾人类与动物群落福祉的相关活动。