Intrapersonal correlates of motivational climate perceptions in sport and physical activity

The purpose of this study was to systematically review and appraise the achievement goal literature (1990–2014) with a view to identifying the intra-individual correlates of motivational climate perceptions, and to identify research gaps and avenues in need for further development. Four databases were searched, leading to 104 published studies being sampled (121 independent samples) that met inclusion criteria. Correlates were grouped into 17 categories and qualitative analysis focussed on identifying the associations predicted by achievement goal theory. Effect sizes were calculated using the Hunter-Schmidt method for correcting sampling error. A total population size of 34,156 (<em>?</em> = 316.3, <em>?</em> = 268.1) was sampled in the analysis, with the published mean ages ranging from 10.0 to 38.2 years (<em>?</em> = 16.5 years, <em>?</em> = 4.7). Perceptions of a task or mastery climate were consistently associated with a range of adaptive motivational outcomes including perceived competence, self-esteem, objective performance, intrinsic forms of motivational regulation, affective states, practice and competitive strategies and moral attitudes, and the experience of flow. Perceptions of an ego or performance climate were positively associated with extrinsic regulation and amotivation, negative affect, maladaptive strategy use, antisocial moral attitudes and perfectionism, but negatively associated to positive affect and feelings of autonomy and relatedness.

本研究旨在系统综述并评析1990至2014年间的成就目标文献，以期识别动机氛围感知的个体内关联因素，并厘清亟待进一步拓展的研究空白与方向。本研究检索了4个学术数据库，最终纳入符合纳入标准的已发表研究104项（含121个独立样本）。研究将关联因素划分为17个类别，质性分析聚焦于验证成就目标理论（achievement goal theory）所预测的关联关系；同时采用亨特-施密特（Hunter-Schmidt）方法计算效应量以校正抽样误差。本次分析共纳入总样本量34156例，各独立样本的样本量均值为316.3、标准差为268.1；已发表研究的平均年龄跨度为10.0至38.2岁，平均年龄均值为16.5岁、标准差为4.7。掌握定向（任务定向）氛围感知与一系列适应性动机结果持续相关，具体包括感知能力、自尊水平、客观绩效、内在动机调节形式、情绪状态、练习与竞争策略、道德态度及心流（flow）体验。成绩定向（自我/绩效定向）氛围感知则与外在调节、去动机、负性情绪、适应不良策略使用、反社会道德态度及完美主义呈正相关，而与正性情绪、自主性与关联感体验呈负相关。