Supplementary Material for: Plant Polyphenol Intake Alters Gene Expression in Canine Leukocytes

<i>Background/Aims:</i> Polyphenol compounds may explain most of the health-related beneficial effects of plants and vegetables, mainly through their antioxidant properties. The aim of the study was to assess the main changes on leukocyte gene expression of dogs caused by intake of three natural polyphenol-rich extracts and to compare them with caloric restriction. <i>Methods:</i> 20 female dogs were divided into 5 groups: control fed ad libitum (C), caloric-restricted to 30% less than control (CR), and 3 groups fed ad libitum supplemented with citrus extract (CE), green tea extract (GTE) or grape seed extract (GSE). Leukocytes gene expression was analyzed in a specially designed microarray. <i>Results:</i> CE treatment mainly downregulated genes related to inflammative (IL-8, VLA-4) and cytotoxic response (GRP 58) as well as proliferation of leukocytes. GTE induced gene expression related to leukocyte proliferation and signaling (GNAQ, PKC-B). GSE upregulated some of the genes increased by CE treatment. CR downregulated genes related with energy metabolism (ATP5A1, COX7C) and inflammatory markers (VLA-4). <i>Conclusion:</i> A chronic ingestion of citric, grape seed and green tea polyphenols is able to modulate canine leukocyte functions through changes in gene expression. CE ingestion reduces expression of some genes also diminished by a 30% caloric restriction.

### 背景与目的
多酚类化合物或许是植物与蔬菜多数健康益处的核心成因，其作用主要依托抗氧化特性。本研究旨在评估摄入三种天然富多酚提取物后，犬类白细胞（leukocyte）基因表达的主要变化，并将其与热量限制干预进行对比。
### 研究方法
将20只雌性犬分为5组：自由采食对照组（C）、较对照组热量摄入减少30%的热量限制组（CR），以及3个自由采食并分别补充柑橘提取物（CE）、绿茶提取物（GTE）与葡萄籽提取物（GSE）的实验组。采用定制设计的基因芯片（microarray）分析白细胞基因表达情况。
### 研究结果
CE干预主要下调了与炎症（IL-8、VLA-4）、细胞毒性应答（GRP 58）及白细胞增殖相关的基因。GTE则上调了与白细胞增殖及信号传导相关的基因（GNAQ、PKC-B）。GSE可上调部分经CE干预后表达升高的基因。CR干预则下调了与能量代谢（ATP5A1、COX7C）及炎症标志物（VLA-4）相关的基因。
### 研究结论
长期摄入柑橘、葡萄籽与绿茶多酚类物质，可通过调控基因表达改变犬类白细胞功能。CE摄入可下调部分经30%热量限制后表达同样降低的基因。