Enterprise Survey 2009 - Russian Federation

Abstract
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The objective of the survey is to obtain feedback from enterprises in client countries on the state of the private sector as well as to help in building a panel of enterprise data that will make it possible to track changes in the business environment over time, thus allowing, for example, impact assessments of reforms. Through interviews with firms in the manufacturing and services sectors, the survey assesses the constraints to private sector growth and creates statistically significant business environment indicators that are comparable across countries.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance. The mode of data collection is face-to-face interviews.

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe
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The manufacturing and services sectors are the primary business sectors of interest. This corresponds to firms classified with International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) codes 15-37, 45, 50-52, 55, 60-64, and 72 (ISIC Rev.3.1). Formal (registered) companies with 5 or more employees are targeted for interview. Services firms include construction, retail, wholesale, hotels, restaurants, transport, storage, communications, and IT. Firms with 100% government/state ownership are not eligible to participate in an Enterprise Survey.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The sample for Russian Federation was selected using stratified random sampling. Three levels of stratification were used in this country: industry, establishment size, and oblast (region).

Industry stratification was designed in the way that follows. The universe was stratified into: 1) Manufacturing sectors "15", "18", "24", "27-28", "29", and "Other Manufacturing"; 2) Services sectors "52" and "Other Services."

Sector 15 had a target of 179 interviews, Sector 18 had a target of 164 interviews, Sector 24 had a target of 162 interviews, Sector 27-28 had a target of 164 interviews, Sector 29 had a target of 167 interviews, Sector 52 had a target of 144 interviews, Other Manufacturing had a target of 141 interviews and Other Services had a target of 139 interviews.

Size stratification was defined following the standardized definition for the rollout: small (5 to 19 employees), medium (20 to 99 employees), and large (more than 99 employees). For stratification purposes, the number of employees was defined on the basis of reported permanent full-time workers. This seems to be an appropriate definition of the labor force since seasonal/casual/part-time employment is not a common practice, except in the sectors of construction and agriculture.

Regional stratification was defined in seven regions. These regions are North West, Central, South, Ural, Siberia, Volgo-Viatsky, and Far East.

Given the stratified design, sample frames containing a complete and updated list of establishments for the selected regions were required. Great efforts were made to obtain the best source for these listings. However, the quality of the sample frames was not optimal and, therefore, some adjustments were needed to correct for the presence of ineligible units. These adjustments are reflected in the weights computation.

For most countries covered in BEEPS IV two sample frames were used. The first frame for Russia was compiled in 2007 and obtained from the National Statistics Agency [GosKomStat]. The frame did not show the number of employees for establishments. It did however, show turnover values. Estimates were obtained which related turnover to size. They suggested that to qualify for the usual size criterion the turnover should be at least 1 million roubles. In addition, as Russia is a very large country spanning eleven time zones, the frame would cover many cities. Therefore, for cost efficiency reasons, it was decided that an extract should be purchased that covered only an agreed set of cities for establishments with turnover in excess of 1 million roubles. That extract, selected to instructions of the TNS statistical team, was sent to the TNS statistical team in London to select the establishments for interview.

The second frame, supplied by the World Bank/EBRD, consisted of enterprises interviewed in BEEPS 2005. The clients required that the attempts should be made to re-interview establishments responding to the BEEPS 2005 survey where they were within the selected geographical regions and met eligibility criteria. That sample is referred to as the Panel.

The quality of the frame was assessed at the onset of the project. The frame proved to be useful though it showed positive rates of non-eligibility, repetition, non-existent units, etc. These problems are typical of establishment surveys, but given the impact these inaccuracies may have on the results, adjustments were needed when computing the appropriate weights for individual observations. The percentage of confirmed non-eligible units as a proportion of the total number of contacts to complete the survey was 44% (2468 out of 5559 establishments).

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The current survey instruments are available:
- Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 15-37]
- Core Questionnaire + Retail Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 52]
- Core Questionnaire [ISIC Rev.3.1: 45, 50, 51, 55, 60-64, 72]
- Screener Questionnaire.

The “Core Questionnaire” is the heart of the Enterprise Survey and contains the survey questions asked of all firms across the world. There are also two other survey instruments - the “Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module” and the “Core Questionnaire + Retail Module.” The survey is fielded via three instruments in order to not ask questions that are irrelevant to specific types of firms, e.g. a question that relates to production and nonproduction workers should not be asked of a retail firm. In addition to questions that are asked across countries, all surveys are customized and contain country-specific questions. An example of customization would be including tourism-related questions that are asked in certain countries when tourism is an existing or potential sector of economic growth.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance. The mode of data collection is face-to-face interviews.

Cleaning operations
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Data entry and quality controls are implemented by the contractor and data is delivered to the World Bank in batches (typically 10%, 50% and 100%). These data deliveries are checked for logical consistency, out of range values, skip patterns, and duplicate entries. Problems are flagged by the World Bank and corrected by the implementing contractor through data checks, callbacks, and revisiting establishments.

Response rate
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Complete information regarding the sampling methodology, sample frame, weights, response rates, and implementation can be found in the document "Description of Russia Implementation 2009.pdf"

摘要
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本调查的目的是收集客户国企业对私营部门的反馈，并有助于构建一个企业数据面板，从而能够跟踪商业环境随时间的变化，从而允许进行例如改革影响评估。通过对制造业和服务业企业的访谈，调查评估了私营部门增长的制约因素，并创建了具有统计学意义的、跨国家可比较的商业环境指标。
标准企业调查主题包括企业特征、性别参与、融资访问、年度销售额、投入/劳动力成本、劳动力构成、贿赂、许可、基础设施、贸易、犯罪、竞争、产能利用率、土地和许可、税收、非正式性、商业-政府关系、创新和技术以及绩效指标。超过90%的问题客观地确定了国家商业环境的特征。其余问题评估了调查受访者对企业增长和绩效的障碍的看法。数据收集方式为面对面访谈。
地理覆盖范围
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全国
分析单位
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本研究的主要抽样单位是单位。单位是指开展业务和进行工业运营或提供服务的地方。一个公司可能由一个或多个单位组成。例如，一家啤酒厂可能有几个灌装厂和几个用于分销的单位。在本调查中，单位必须能够做出自己的财务决策，并拥有与其公司财务报表分开的财务报表。单位还必须拥有自己的管理和对其工资单的控制。
总体
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制造业和服务业是主要关注的业务部门。这对应于国际标准产业分类（ISIC）代码为15-37、45、50-52、55、60-64和72（ISIC Rev.3.1）的企业。针对拥有5名或更多员工的形式（注册）公司进行访谈。服务公司包括建筑、零售、批发、酒店、餐馆、运输、仓储、通信和IT。拥有100%政府/国家所有权的公司无权参与企业调查。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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俄罗斯联邦的样本是通过分层随机抽样选择的。在该国使用了三个分层级别：行业、单位规模和地区（地区）。
行业分层设计如下。总体被分层为：1）制造业部门“15”、“18”、“24”、“27-28”、“29”和其他制造业；2）服务业部门“52”和其他服务业。
部门15的目标访谈人数为179人，部门18的目标访谈人数为164人，部门24的目标访谈人数为162人，部门27-28的目标访谈人数为164人，部门29的目标访谈人数为167人，部门52的目标访谈人数为144人，其他制造业的目标访谈人数为141人，其他服务业的目标访谈人数为139人。
规模分层是根据标准的推广定义定义的：小型（5至19名员工）、中型（20至99名员工）和大型（超过99名员工）。为了分层的目的，员工人数是根据报告的永久全职员工人数定义的。这似乎是对劳动力的一种适当定义，因为季节性/临时/兼职就业在建筑和农业部门之外不是一种常见做法。
地区分层在七个地区定义。这些地区是西北、中部、南部、乌拉尔、西伯利亚、伏尔加-维亚茨基和远东。
鉴于分层设计，需要包含所选地区单位完整且更新的名单的样本框架。为了获得这些名单的最佳来源，付出了巨大的努力。然而，样本框架的质量并不理想，因此需要对不合格单位的存在进行一些调整。这些调整反映在权重计算中。
在BEEPS IV覆盖的大多数国家中，使用了两个样本框架。为俄罗斯编制的第一个框架是在2007年，由国家统计局（GosKomStat）获得。该框架没有显示单位的员工人数。然而，它显示了营业额。获得了将营业额与规模相关的估计。这些估计表明，为了符合通常的规模标准，营业额至少应为100万卢布。此外，由于俄罗斯是一个横跨十一个时区的非常庞大的国家，该框架将涵盖许多城市。因此，出于成本效益的原因，决定购买一个仅涵盖超过100万卢布营业额的单位所在城市的子集。该子集是根据TNS统计团队的指示选择的，并将其发送到伦敦的TNS统计团队以选择访谈单位。
第二个框架由世界银行/EBRD提供，包括在BEEPS 2005中访谈的企业。客户要求在所选地理区域内，如果它们符合资格标准，则尝试重新访谈对BEEPS 2005调查做出回应的单位。该样本被称为面板。
在项目开始时评估了框架的质量。该框架证明是有用的，尽管它显示了不合格率、重复、不存在单位等问题。这些问题是单位调查的典型问题，但考虑到这些不准确可能对结果产生的影响，在计算个别观察的适当权重时需要进行调整。不合格单位的比例（作为完成调查的总联系数的比例）为44%（2468个单位中的2468个）。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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当前调查工具包括以下内容：
- 核心问卷 + 制造业模块 [ISIC Rev.3.1: 15-37]
- 核心问卷 + 零售模块 [ISIC Rev.3.1: 52]
- 核心问卷 [ISIC Rev.3.1: 45, 50, 51, 55, 60-64, 72]
- 筛选问卷。
“核心问卷”是企业调查的核心，包含向全球所有企业提出的问题。还有另外两种调查工具——“核心问卷 + 制造业模块”和“核心问卷 + 零售模块”。调查通过三种工具进行实施，以便不向特定类型的企业提出不相关的问题，例如，与生产和非生产工人相关的问题不应向零售公司提出。除了跨国家提出的问题外，所有调查都是定制的，并包含国家特定的问题。定制的例子包括在某些国家询问与旅游业相关的问题，因为旅游业是现有或潜在的经济增长部门。
标准企业调查主题包括企业特征、性别参与、融资访问、年度销售额、投入/劳动力成本、劳动力构成、贿赂、许可、基础设施、贸易、犯罪、竞争、产能利用率、土地和许可、税收、非正式性、商业-政府关系、创新和技术以及绩效指标。超过90%的问题客观地确定了国家商业环境的特征。其余问题评估了调查受访者对企业增长和绩效的障碍的看法。数据收集方式为面对面访谈。
数据清理操作
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承包商执行数据输入和质量控制，并将数据分批（通常是10%、50%和100%）交付给世界银行。这些数据交付被检查逻辑一致性、范围外值、跳过模式和重复条目。问题被世界银行标记并由实施承包商通过数据检查、回调和重新访问单位进行纠正。
响应率
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有关抽样方法、样本框架、权重、响应率和实施的完整信息可以在文档“2009年俄罗斯实施描述.pdf”中找到。