Data_Sheet_2_Social movements and collective behavior: an integration of meta-analysis and systematic review of social psychology studies.pdf

BackgroundThe impact of social movements (SMs) and collective behavior (CB) supports the relevance of approaching this phenomenon from social psychology. Several systematic reviews (10) and meta-analyses (6) have been carried out in the 21st century, but there is a lack of integration.
AimThis study seeks to review the patterns of CB and corroborate the psychosocial factors that explain participation in CB and SMs, as well as the long-term psychological effects of participating in them.
MethodA systematic search was carried out in the databases Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Willey Online Library, EBSCO, and JSTOR for articles dated between 1969 and 2022. We searched for meta-analyses and systematic reviews that empirically evaluated social movements and collective behavior. Of the 494 initial records, after scanning and eligibility phases, 16 meta-analyses and systematic reviews were analyzed in the present work.
ResultsThe evidence reviewed shows that participation in collective gatherings and CB are common. A cross-cultural survey suggests that collective gatherings are mostly of a leisure type, to a lesser extent religious and sporting, and to an even lesser extent, demonstrations and large religious rites. World Value surveys found that one to three persons out of 10 participate in protests or CB related to SMs and four out of 10 movements achieved some kind of success. Studies challenged that CBs were characterized by unanimity of beliefs, identification and behavior, generalized excitement, as well as mass panic and riot after catastrophes. Only two out of 10 CB are violent. Meta-analysis and systematic reviews confirm that participation in CB and SMs was associated with (a) intergroup conflict and realistic threat (r = 0.30); (b) positive attitudes, expectations, or agreement with goals or collective motive (r = 0.44); (c) cognitive fraternal relative deprivation (r = 0.25); (d) collective efficacy (r = 0.36); (e) collective identity (r = 0.34); (f) emotions and affective relative deprivation (r = 0.35); (g) moral conviction and threat to moral (r = 0.29); and (h) disagreement with system justification belief (r = −0.26). Participation in successful CB and SMs provokes positive changes in emotions, social identity and social relationships, values and beliefs, and empowerment, as well as negative effects such as depression, stress, burnout, and disempowerment related to the failures of SMs.
ConclusionStudies confirm the importance of explanatory factors for SMs, with data from various cultural regions. There is a lack of systematic studies of CB as well as meta-analyses and more culturally diverse studies of the effects of participation in them.

**研究背景** 社会运动（Social Movements, SMs）与集体行为（Collective Behavior, CB）的影响凸显了从社会心理学视角研究该现象的必要性。21世纪以来，学界已开展10项系统综述与6项元分析，但相关研究仍缺乏整合性。

**研究目的** 本研究旨在梳理集体行为的研究范式，并验证可解释集体行为与社会运动参与行为的社会心理因素，同时探究参与此类活动的长期心理影响。

**研究方法** 本研究针对Web of Science、Scopus、ProQuest、ScienceDirect、Wiley Online Library、EBSCO及JSTOR等数据库开展系统检索，检索时限为1969年至2022年，检索对象为以实证方式评估社会运动与集体行为的元分析及系统综述。初始检索共获取494条记录，经过筛选与资格审查阶段后，最终纳入16项元分析与系统综述进行分析。

**研究结果** 本次综述的证据显示，集体集会与集体行为的参与现象较为普遍。一项跨文化调查表明，集体集会多以休闲类为主，其次为宗教与体育类，示威游行与大型宗教仪式类占比更低。世界价值观调查（World Value Surveys）数据显示，每10人中约有1至3人参与与社会运动相关的抗议活动或集体行为，且每10项社会运动中即有4项取得一定成效。既有研究对“集体行为以信念、认同与行为的一致性、泛化性兴奋，以及灾难后的大规模恐慌与暴乱为特征”这一观点提出了挑战。仅十分之二的集体行为存在暴力倾向。元分析与系统综述结果证实，集体行为与社会运动的参与行为与以下因素显著相关：(a) 群体间冲突与现实威胁（r = 0.30）；(b) 对目标或集体动机的积极态度、期望或认同（r = 0.44）；(c) 认知型兄弟式相对剥夺感（r = 0.25）；(d) 集体效能感（r = 0.36）；(e) 集体认同（r = 0.34）；(f) 情绪与情感型相对剥夺感（r = 0.35）；(g) 道德信念与道德威胁（r = 0.29）；(h) 对制度正当性信念的不认同（r = −0.26）。参与成功的集体行为与社会运动，会引发个体在情绪、社会认同与社会关系、价值观与信念以及赋权方面的积极变化；但同时也会带来负面效应，如与社会运动失败相关的抑郁、压力、职业倦怠与去赋权感。

**研究结论** 来自不同文化区域的数据均证实了解释社会运动参与行为的各类因素的重要性。目前仍缺乏针对集体行为的系统研究，同时相关元分析与覆盖更多文化背景的集体行为参与效应研究亦较为匮乏。