Data_Sheet_1_Multiomics integration for the function of bacterial outer membrane vesicles in the larval settlement of marine sponges.docx

Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) contain a variety of chemical compounds and play significant roles in maintaining symbiotic relationships in a changing ocean, but little is known about their function, particularly in sponge larval development. During the growth of sponge Tedania sp., OMVs from Bacteroidetes species significantly promoted larval settlement, and Tenacibaculum mesophilum SP-7-OMVs were selected as a representative strain for further investigation. According to OMVs metabolomics, larval settlement might be connected to organic acids and derivatives. The multiomics analysis of the T. mesophilum genome, SP-7-OMVs metabolome, and larval transcriptome revealed 47 shared KEGG pathways. Among the number of candidate metabolites, arginine was chosen for its greater ability to increase the settlement rate and its role as the principal substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthesis of sponge larvae. In summary, these results demonstrated that sponge-associated bacteria might utilize OMVs and their cargo to support host development and make up for host metabolic pathway deficiencies. This study enhances our fundamental knowledge of OMVs in interactions between metazoan hosts and microorganisms that are crucial in the coevolution of marine ecosystems and the complex marine environment.

细菌外膜囊泡（Bacterial outer membrane vesicles, OMVs）携带有多种化学成分，在多变海洋环境中的共生关系维持中发挥重要作用，但目前对其功能的了解仍较为匮乏，尤其是在海绵幼虫发育过程中的作用。在特丹尼海绵（Tedania sp.）的生长过程中，拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）菌株产生的外膜囊泡可显著促进幼虫附着变态，因此选取嗜温单孢菌（Tenacibaculum mesophilum）SP-7的外膜囊泡作为代表开展后续研究。通过对外膜囊泡进行代谢组学分析，发现幼虫附着变态可能与有机酸及其衍生物存在关联。对嗜温单孢菌基因组、SP-7外膜囊泡代谢组以及幼虫转录组开展多组学分析后，共鉴定得到47条共有的京都基因与基因组百科全书（Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, KEGG）通路。在众多候选代谢物中，精氨酸因可显著提升幼虫附着变态率，且作为海绵幼虫一氧化氮（nitric oxide, NO）合成的主要底物而被重点筛选。综上，本研究结果表明，与海绵共生的细菌可通过外膜囊泡及其携带的物质辅助宿主发育，弥补宿主代谢通路的缺陷。本研究加深了我们对后生动物宿主与微生物互作中外膜囊泡功能的基础认知，这对于海洋生态系统协同演化以及复杂海洋环境的研究具有重要意义。