The interrelationship among economic activities, environmental degradation, material consumption, and population health in low-income countries: a longitudinal ecological study

Objectives: The theory of ecological unequal exchange explains how trade and various forms of economic activity create the problem of environmental degradation, and lead to the deterioration of population health. Based on this theory, our study examined the inter-relationship among economic characteristics, ecological footprints, CO2 emissions, infant mortality rates and under-5 mortality rates in low-income countries. Design: A longitudinal ecological study design. Setting: Sixty-six low-income countries from 1980 to 2010 were included in the analyses. Data for each country represented an average of 23 years (N=1497). Data sources: Data were from the World Development Indicators, UN Commodity Trade Statistics Database, Global Footprint Network and Polity IV Project. Analyses: Linear mixed models with a spatial power covariance structure and a correlation that decreased over time were constructed to accommodate the repeated measures. Statistical analyses were conducted separately by sub...

研究目标：生态不平等交换理论阐释了贸易与各类经济活动如何引发环境退化问题，并进而导致人口健康状况恶化。本研究基于该理论，考察了低收入国家的经济特征、生态足迹（ecological footprints）、二氧化碳（CO₂）排放量、婴儿死亡率与5岁以下儿童死亡率之间的相互关联。
研究设计：采用纵向生态学研究设计。
研究范围：本分析纳入1980年至2010年间的66个低收入国家，每个国家的数据集对应平均23年的观测样本（N=1497）。
数据来源：数据取自世界发展指标（World Development Indicators）、联合国商品贸易统计数据库（UN Commodity Trade Statistics Database）、全球足迹网络（Global Footprint Network）以及政体IV项目（Polity IV Project）。
分析方法：构建了带有空间幂协方差结构且相关性随时间衰减的线性混合模型，以适配重复测量数据；统计分析将按亚组分别进行……