ENERGY SOURCES IN INNOVATIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES OF VEGETABLE PROCESSING

The analysis of numerous scientifi c works shows that the intensive development of innovative types of technology exceeds the development of the methodological foundations of power engineering management. There are no clear comparisons of the energy effi ciency of electrical technologies and heat technologies, since different types of energy are used; there are no objective indicators of energy effi ciency in various technologies of dehydration of raw materials. The present study proposes a methodology based on the hypothesis that when comparing energy effi ciency in the processing of raw materials, objective results can be obtained through a system analysis of the entire energy conversion chain from fuel to a fi nished product. The research purpose is to experimentally prove the validity of this hypothesis. The author suggests using the indicator of the share of fuel energy in the fi nished product and the amount of moisture removed when burning 1 kg of fuel. This fi gure does not depend on fl uctuations in energy prices, which may vary for different countries. The paper presents an heat balance analysis of drying and evaporation plants. It is shown that with the same technical tasks, non-optimized evaporation is several times more effi cient than the optimized drying process. The authors present structural models of energy conversion in combined processes for the production
of concentrated food products. The energy effi ciency of using fuel in conventional drying, evaporation, and cryoconcentration techniques has been calculated. The obtained parameters are compared with the data for innovative models of machines developed by the author. It is shown that the evaporating installations developed by the author are not inferior in effi ciency to conventional ones, and allow obtaining concentrates up to 90 brix. The developed microwave dryers and unit freeze installations signifi cantly exceed the effi ciency of their counterparts, allowing to withdraw, respectively, up to 6 and 100 kg of moisture, while conventional
dryers for fuels with an oil equivalent of 40 MJ per 1 kg can remove no more than 3 kg of moisture, and cryoconcentrators – 20 kg.

对大量学术著作的分析表明，各类创新技术的高速发展，已然超越了能源工程管理（power engineering management）相关方法论基础的建设进度。由于不同技术所使用的能源类型存在差异，当前尚无针对电气技术与热工技术能源效率（energy efficiency）的明确对比框架；同时，各类原料脱水技术也缺乏统一的能源效率客观评价指标。本研究基于一项核心假说提出了一套研究方法：在对比原料加工过程的能源效率时，通过对从燃料投入到成品产出的全能量转换链条开展系统分析，即可获得客观可靠的研究结果。本研究的目标为通过实验验证该假说的合理性。作者提出采用两项指标开展评价：一是单位成品所含燃料能量的占比，二是每燃烧1千克燃料所能脱除的水分质量。该评价体系不受能源价格波动的影响——而能源价格在不同国家间往往存在显著差异。本文对干燥及蒸发装置开展了热平衡（heat balance）分析，结果表明：在完成相同工艺目标的前提下，未经过优化的蒸发工艺能效比经过优化的干燥工艺高出数倍。作者还构建了食品浓缩联合加工过程中的能量转换结构模型，并对传统干燥、蒸发及冷冻浓缩（cryoconcentration）工艺的燃料使用效率开展了量化计算。将计算得到的参数与作者自主研发的创新型设备相关数据进行对比后发现：自研蒸发装置的能效不逊色于传统设备，且可制备白利度（brix）最高达90的浓缩产物。自研微波干燥机与一体式冷冻装置的能效则远超同类传统设备：二者每千克燃料（油当量（oil equivalent）为40兆焦（MJ））分别可脱除最高6千克与100千克水分；而传统干燥机每千克燃料仅能脱除不超过3千克水分，冷冻浓缩机则最多脱除20千克水分。