Feeding and nutritional profiles of children at 12 months of age living in the western region of the city of São Paulo: The Procriar Project

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the feeding profiles, nutritional statuses and influences of maternal characteristics on food consumption of infants at the end of the first year of life. Methods This is a cross-sectional study nested within a cohort of pregnant women that evaluated children with a mean age of 12.1 months. The weights and lengths were measured, and the body mass index was calculated. Food consumption was obtained through 24-hour recall and was assessed qualitatively. The outcomes studied dichotomously (yes/no) were overweight (body mass index ≥+2 Z-scores), consumption of foods considered unhealthy (i.e., sugar, petit suisse cheese, sandwich crackers, and soft drinks), consumption of fruits, legumes and vegetables and a minimum acceptable diet composed of minimum dietary diversity and minimum meal frequency. Logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate the association between maternal variables and the outcomes studied. Results A total of 254 infants were evaluated, of whom 10.7% were overweight. The majority of the infants did not receive a minimum acceptable diet (58.7%), 28.0% consumed petit suisse cheese and 42.0% received added sugar in their preparations. Mothers less than 20 years old or with more schooling were more likely to offer unhealthy foods to their children (.=0.03). Fruits, legumes and vegetables (consumption was higher among children of mothers over 20 years old (.=0.04). Conclusion The study revealed a high prevalence of overweight and an inadequacy of food consumption among children. The finding that adolescent mothers and/or mothers with more schooling tend to offer inadequate food to children may favor the definition of specific educational strategies.

摘要 目的：分析婴儿满1周岁时的喂养模式、营养状况，以及母亲特征对其食物摄入的影响。
方法：本研究为一项嵌套于孕妇队列的横断面研究，纳入平均年龄为12.1个月的儿童开展评估。测量研究对象的体重与身长，并计算体质指数（Body Mass Index, BMI）。通过24小时膳食回顾法（24-hour recall）获取食物摄入数据并进行定性评估。本研究的结局指标采用二分类（是/否）形式，包括超重（体质指数≥+2 Z评分）、不健康食物摄入（即添加糖、低脂鲜奶酪（petit suisse cheese）、夹心饼干及软饮料）、水果蔬菜及豆类摄入，以及由最低膳食多样性和最低进餐频率组成的最低可接受膳食。构建逻辑回归模型以评估母亲相关变量与上述研究结局的关联。
结果：本研究共评估254名婴儿，其中10.7%存在超重情况。绝大多数婴儿未达到最低可接受膳食标准（58.7%），28.0%的婴儿摄入了低脂鲜奶酪，42.0%的婴儿辅食中添加了糖。年龄小于20岁或受教育程度更高的母亲，给孩子提供不健康食物的概率更高（P=0.03）。20岁以上母亲的子女摄入水果蔬菜及豆类的比例更高（P=0.04）。
结论：本研究显示，受试婴儿中超重患病率较高，且食物摄入存在不合理情况。青少年母亲及受教育程度更高的母亲更倾向于给孩子提供不合理膳食这一发现，可为制定针对性健康教育策略提供依据。