Chemical and isotopic composition of gas, water, and solids from the 2019-2020 water lake in Halema’uma’u Crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii

Following the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea Volcano (Neal and others, 2019) and the subsequent collapse of the Halema’uma’u crater, groundwater gradually seeped into the newly-deepened crater (Nadeau and others, 2020). Water was first observed in the crater on 7/26/19, and the water level increased over time until 12/20/20, when the crater again filled with lava, vaporizing the lake. In the intervening time, three sets of water samples were collected by unoccupied aircraft systems (UAS) and analyzed for water chemistry, water isotopes, and sulfur isotopes. The solids filtered from the collected water samples were analyzed by XRD and SEM, as well as digested and analyzed for their chemical composition.
Additionally, two flights with a multirotor UAS instrumented with a miniature multi-GAS (multiple Gas Analyzer System) instrument were completed on October 26, 2019. During these flights, gas plume compositions within Halema’uma’u crater were measured.
References
Nadeau, P., Diefenbach, A.K., Hurwitz, S. and Donald, A., 2020. From lava to water: a new era at Kīlauea. Eos, doi:10.1029/2020EO149557.
Neal, C.A., Brantley, S.R., Antolik, L., Babb, J.L., Burgess, M., Calles, K., Cappos, M., Chang, J.C., Conway, S., Desmither, L. and Dotray, P., 2019. The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kīlauea Volcano. Science, 363, 367-374.

2018年基拉韦厄火山（Kīlauea Volcano）喷发（Neal等，2019）后，哈雷茂茂火山口（Halema’uma’u crater）发生坍塌，地下水逐渐渗入新加深的火山口（Nadeau等，2020）。2019年7月26日，研究人员首次在该火山口观测到积水，此后水位随时间持续上升，直至2020年12月20日火山口再次被熔岩充填，湖水体被汽化。在此期间，研究团队通过无人飞行器系统（unoccupied aircraft systems, UAS）采集了三组水样，并对水样的水化学性质、水同位素及硫同位素进行了分析。对采集水样过滤得到的固体物质，采用X射线衍射（X-ray diffraction, XRD）与扫描电子显微镜（scanning electron microscope, SEM）进行了表征分析，同时对其进行消解并检测化学成分。
此外，研究团队于2019年10月26日完成两次搭载微型多气体分析仪系统（miniature multi-GAS (multiple Gas Analyzer System)）的多旋翼无人飞行器飞行任务，期间对哈雷茂茂火山口内的羽流气体组分进行了测量。

参考文献
Nadeau, P., Diefenbach, A.K., Hurwitz, S. and Donald, A., 2020. From lava to water: a new era at Kīlauea. Eos, doi:10.1029/2020EO149557.
Neal, C.A., Brantley, S.R., Antolik, L., Babb, J.L., Burgess, M., Calles, K., Cappos, M., Chang, J.C., Conway, S., Desmither, L. and Dotray, P., 2019. The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kīlauea Volcano. Science, 363, 367-374.