Participant characteristics for Experiment 1.

Background
The sense of agency, or the belief in action causality, is an elusive construct that impacts day-to-day experience and decision-making. Despite its relevance in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders, it is widely under-studied and remains difficult to measure objectively in patient populations. We developed and tested a novel cognitive measure of reward-dependent agency perception in an in-person and online cohort.
Methods
The in-person cohort consisted of 52 healthy control subjects and 20 subjects with depression and anxiety disorders (DA), including major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. The online sample consisted of 254 participants. The task consisted of an effort implementation for monetary rewards with computerized visual feedback interference and trial-by-trial ratings of self versus other agency.
Results
All subjects across both cohorts demonstrated higher self-agency after receiving positive-win feedback, compared to negative-loss feedback when the level of computer inference was kept constant. Patients with DA showed reduced positive feedback-dependent agency compared to healthy controls. Finally, in our online sample, we found that higher self-agency following negative-loss feedback was associated with worse anhedonia symptoms.
Conclusion
Together this work suggests how positive and negative environmental information impacts the sense of self-agency in healthy subjects, and how it is perturbed in patients with depression and anxiety.

研究背景
主动感（sense of agency），即对行为因果性的认知，是一种难以量化的心理构念，可对个体日常体验与决策产生重要影响。尽管该构念在多种神经精神疾病中均具备研究价值，但目前相关研究仍较为不足，且在患者群体中难以实现客观测量。为此，我们开发并验证了一种依赖奖赏的主动感感知的新型认知测量范式，并在线下与线上队列中开展了测试。

研究方法
线下队列共纳入52名健康对照受试者与20名抑郁焦虑障碍（DA）患者，涵盖重度抑郁症与广泛性焦虑障碍群体。线上样本则包含254名参与者。本实验任务要求受试者为获取金钱奖赏付出努力，同时设置计算机化视觉反馈干扰环节，并要求受试者逐试次对自我与他人的主动感进行评分。

研究结果
在计算机干扰水平保持恒定的条件下，两个队列的所有受试者在获得正向获胜反馈后，自我主动感评分均显著高于负向损失反馈后的评分。与健康对照相比，DA患者的正向反馈依赖型主动感提升幅度显著降低。最后，在线上样本中我们发现，负向损失反馈后更高的自我主动感与更严重的快感缺失症状显著相关。

研究结论
本研究整体揭示了正负向环境信息如何影响健康个体的自我主动感，以及该感知机制在抑郁焦虑障碍患者中发生的紊乱情况。