CI users’ encoding, storage, and retrieval (AuBuchon et al., 2019)

<b>Purpose: </b>The current study adopts a systematic approach to the examination of working memory components in pediatric cochlear implant (CI) users by separately assessing contributions of encoding, storage, and retrieval.<b>Method: </b>Forty-nine long-term CI users and 56 typically hearing controls completed forward and backward span tasks with 3 stimulus sets: visually presented digits, pictures of concrete nouns, and novel symbols. In addition, measures associated with each memory stage were collected: Rapid digit naming provided an estimate of phonological recoding speed, nonword repetition assessed the robustness of representations within phonological storage, and vocabulary knowledge (as measured by the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test; Dunn &amp; Dunn, 1997) estimated redintegration abilities during retrieval. <b>Results: </b>Linear mixed modeling revealed that digit naming speed and vocabulary knowledge were consistently related to short-term and working memory span in both CI users and typically hearing controls. However, nonword repetition only contributed to the model for short-term memory.<b>Conclusions: </b>Nonword repetition, an index of phonological storage, explained little of the individual variability in working memory differences between CI users and typically hearing peers. On the other hand, individual differences in encoding and retrieval explained a significant amount of outcome variability in both short-term and working memory tasks. Differences between CI users and typically hearing peers in working memory therefore appear to reflect process components of encoding and retrieval and not simply differences in memory storage.<br><b>Supplemental Material S1.</b> Pairwise correlations for the six span tasks and tasks estimating encoding (rapid digit naming), storage (nonword repetition), and retrieval/redintegration (PPVT).<br><b>Supplemental Material S2. </b>Linear mixed models with hearing status in place of nonword repetition for forward span.<br><b>Supplemental Material S3.</b> Linear mixed models with hearing history. <br>AuBuchon, A. M., Pisoni, D. B., Kronenberger, W. G. (2019). Evaluating pediatric cochlear implant users' encoding, storage, and retrieval strategies in verbal working memory. <i>Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 62, </i>1016–1032. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_JSLHR-H-18-0201

<b>研究目的：</b>本研究采用系统方法，通过分别评估编码、存储和提取的贡献，考察儿科人工耳蜗（CI）使用者的工作记忆成分。<b>研究方法：</b>49名长期CI使用者与56名正常听力对照组完成了顺向及逆向广度任务，涉及3组刺激集：视觉呈现的数字、具体名词图片与新异符号。此外，还收集了各记忆阶段相关的测量指标：快速数字命名用于估计语音重编码速度，非词重复评估语音存储中表征的稳健性，词汇知识（通过皮博迪图片词汇测验；Dunn & Dunn，1997测量）估计提取过程中的重组能力。<b>研究结果：</b>线性混合模型显示，数字命名速度与词汇知识在CI使用者及正常听力对照组中均与短时记忆和工作记忆广度持续相关；但非词重复仅对短时记忆模型有贡献。<b>研究结论：</b>作为语音存储指标的非词重复，对CI使用者与正常听力同伴间工作记忆差异的个体变异性解释有限；而编码与提取的个体差异对短时及工作记忆任务的结果变异性具有显著解释力。因此，CI使用者与正常听力同伴的工作记忆差异似乎反映编码与提取的过程成分，而非单纯的记忆存储差异。<br><b>补充材料S1：</b>六项广度任务与编码（快速数字命名）、存储（非词重复）、提取/重组（PPVT）相关任务的成对相关性。<br><b>补充材料S2：</b>用听力状态替代非词重复的顺向广度线性混合模型。<br><b>补充材料S3：</b>包含听力史的线性混合模型。<br>AuBuchon, A. M., Pisoni, D. B., Kronenberger, W. G. (2019). Evaluating pediatric cochlear implant users' encoding, storage, and retrieval strategies in verbal working memory. <i>Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 62,</i>1016–1032. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_JSLHR-H-18-0201