English and German versions of OUS.

The study of utilitarian inclinations is probably the most experimentally investigated aspect of morality. The Oxford Utilitarianism Scale has been developed to provide a self-report tool for reliable measurement of utilitarian views while addressing serious methodological issues with previous measures. In this study, we have translated and validated a German version of the Oxford Utilitarianism Scale (OUS-DE). The scale consists of two subscales: Impartial Beneficence (IB-DE) and Instrumental Harm (IH-DE). We conducted a procedure in a general German sample (NS1 = 378, 243 women, Mage = 25.37) before the Covid-19 pandemic. A confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a good fit of a two-factor model for OUS-DE, while internal consistency and construct reliability were acceptable. Both in the pre-pandemic and the post-pandemic sample (NS2 = 348, 206 women, Mage = 24.61) we found a sex/gender difference, with women scoring significantly higher in the IB-DE subscale than men. We also found that the mean agreement with the IB-DE subscale decreased after the pandemic. In a separate third sample (NS3 = 39, 19 women, Mage = 23.72), we observed an inverse U-shape relationship between moral behavior related to quarantine requirements and the IH-DE subscale, as measured during the peak pandemic restrictions in late 2020. Repeated OUS-DE measurement in this sample showed stability in responders’ utilitarian beliefs post-pandemic. In sum, OUS-DE is the first available measurement of utilitarian inclinations in German. The scale will enable further research on how utilitarian preconceptions affect behavior in German-speaking populations.

对功利主义倾向的探讨，或许是道德研究中经实验探究最为充分的维度。牛津功利主义量表（Oxford Utilitarianism Scale）的开发初衷，是打造一款自陈式测评工具，以可靠测量个体的功利主义观点，同时解决过往测评工具存在的严重方法论缺陷。本研究完成了牛津功利主义量表德语版（OUS-DE）的翻译与效度验证工作。该量表包含两个分量表：公正利他性（Impartial Beneficence, IB-DE）与工具性伤害（Instrumental Harm, IH-DE）。

研究团队于新冠疫情暴发前，针对普通德国人群开展施测（样本1：N=378，其中女性243名，平均年龄25.37岁）。验证性因素分析结果显示，OUS-DE的双因子模型拟合效果良好，内部一致性信度与构念信度均处于可接受水平。在疫情前与疫情后样本（样本2：N=348，其中女性206名，平均年龄24.61岁）中，均观测到显著性别差异：女性在IB-DE分量表上的得分显著高于男性。同时研究发现，疫情后个体对IB-DE分量表题项的平均同意程度有所下降。

在第三组独立样本（样本3：N=39，其中女性19名，平均年龄23.72岁）中，研究团队于2020年末疫情管控峰值阶段施测，观测到与防疫隔离要求相关的道德行为与IH-DE分量表得分之间呈倒U型关系。对该样本进行的OUS-DE复测结果显示，疫情后受访者的功利主义信念保持稳定。

综上，OUS-DE是首款可用于德语人群的功利主义倾向测评工具。该量表将为探究德语人群中功利主义预设观念如何影响其行为的相关研究提供有力支撑。