CRAVE_motivation states_physical activity_circadian analysis

See the preprint here: (PDF) Motivation states to move, be physically active and sedentary vary like circadian rhythms and are associated with affect and arousal (researchgate.net) . Contact the authors for more information: [e-mail]; [e-mail]; [e-mail] Abstract: Motivation to be physically active and sedentary is a transient state that varies in response to previous behavior. It is not known: a) if motivational states vary from morning to evening, b) if they are related to feeling states (arousal/hedonic tone), and c) whether they predict current behavior and intentions. The primary purpose of this study was to determine if motivation states vary across the day and in what pattern. Thirty adults from the United States were recruited from Amazon MTurk. Participants completed 6 identical online surveys each day for 8 days beginning after waking and every 2-3 hours thereafter until bed. Participants completed: a) the CRAVE scale (Right now version) to measure motivation states for Move and Rest, b) Feeling Scale, c) Felt Arousal Scale; and d) surveys about current movement behavior (e.g., currently sitting, standing, laying down) and intentions for exercise or sleep. Of these, 21 participants (mean age 37.7; 52.4% female) had complete and valid data. Visual inspection of data determined that: a) motivation states varied widely across the day, and b) most participants had a single wave each day. Hierarchical linear modelling revealed that there were significant linear and quadratic time trends for both Move and Rest. Move peaked near 1500 hours when Rest was at its nadir. Cosinor analysis determined that the functional waveform was circadian for Move for 81% of participants and 62% for Rest. Pleasure/displeasure and arousal independently predicted motivation states (all p’s

可在此查看预印本（PDF）：《运动、身体活动与久坐行为的动机状态如同昼夜节律般波动，并与情绪及唤醒水平相关》（researchgate.net）。如需获取更多详细信息，请联系作者：[e-mail]、[e-mail]、[e-mail]。
摘要：身体活动与久坐行为的动机属于瞬态状态，会随既往行为发生变化。目前仍有三个问题尚未明确：其一，动机状态是否存在早间至晚间的波动；其二，动机状态是否与情绪状态（唤醒水平/快感基调）相关；其三，动机状态能否预测当前行为与行为意向。本研究的核心目的为探明动机状态是否存在日间波动，以及其具体波动模式。
本研究从亚马逊众包平台（Amazon MTurk）招募了30名美国成年受试者。受试者于每日清醒后开始，连续8天每天完成6份完全一致的线上问卷，两次问卷间隔为2至3小时，直至当日就寝。受试者需完成以下内容：a）即刻版渴求量表（CRAVE Scale），用于评估活动与静息的动机状态；b）情绪量表（Feeling Scale）；c）主观唤醒量表（Felt Arousal Scale）；d）关于当前运动行为（如当前正处于坐姿、站姿或躺卧状态）以及运动或睡眠行为意向的问卷。最终共有21名受试者（平均年龄37.7岁；女性占比52.4%）提供了完整且有效的数据。对数据的可视化分析结果显示：其一，动机状态在日间存在显著波动；其二，多数受试者的动机状态每日呈现单峰波动模式。分层线性模型分析表明，活动动机与静息动机均存在显著的线性与二次时间趋势。活动动机在每日15:00左右达到峰值，此时静息动机处于最低谷。余弦分析（Cosinor Analysis）结果显示，81%受试者的活动动机波动符合昼夜节律特征，静息动机的这一比例为62%。愉悦/不悦情绪与唤醒水平可独立预测动机状态（所有p值