The Transformation of Zoos in the 20th Century: From Spectacles to Research Centers // Трансформация зоопарков в XX веке: От зрелищ к научно-исследовательским центрам

This article explores the comprehensive transformation of zoos in the 20th century, as they evolved from mere entertainment menageries into multifunctional scientific, research, and conservation centers. It examines the key factors that influenced this shift, including the humanization of attitudes towards animals, the development of urbanization and infrastructure, as well as ideological and political initiatives. Particular attention is given to the impact of Carl Hagenbeck's "barless zoo" concept, the advancements in ethology and veterinary medicine, and the formation of the global conservation movement. The article analyzes international events related to circuses and traveling menageries, and the role of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) in coordinating international cooperation. A separate section investigates the dramatic experience of Soviet zoos during World War II, including details of animal evacuation and the heroic work of staff under siege and bombardment conditions. Finally, the article discusses modern recommendations for zoo placement and their role in the contemporary world.

本文探讨了20世纪动物园的全面转型——它们从单纯的娱乐性动物园演变为集科学、研究与保护于一体的多功能中心。文章分析了推动这一转变的关键因素，包括人类对动物态度的人性化转变、城市化与基础设施的发展，以及意识形态和政治层面的举措。文章特别关注了卡尔·哈根贝克（Carl Hagenbeck）的‘无栏动物园’理念所产生的影响、行为学（ethology）与兽医学的进步，以及全球保护运动的形成。此外，文章还分析了与马戏团及流动动物园相关的国际事件，以及世界动物园和水族馆协会（World Association of Zoos and Aquariums，WAZA）在协调国际合作中所扮演的角色。文章设有独立章节探讨二战期间苏联动物园的艰难经历，包括动物撤离的细节以及工作人员在围困与轰炸环境下的英勇工作。最后，文章讨论了关于现代动物园选址的建议及其在当代世界中的角色。