Recent History Of Nonindigenous Species In The Laurentian Great Lakes; An Update To Mills Et Al., 1993 (25 Years Later) Journal of Great Lakes Research

The seminal work of Mills et al. (1993) lists 137 established aquatic species as nonindigenous to the Great Lakes (two plants are further subdivided into two subspecies groups). We have removed seven of these species: three have been redefined as probably native, and four plants (including both subspecies of Sonchus arvensis) have been reclassified as terrestrial. Thirty-five species that arrived prior to 1993 (some due to reclassification, some due to a time lag in discovery and reporting) have been added to the list. Twenty-four new species have become established post-1993, bringing the total to 188 (with Pluchea odorata including two subspecies). Notably, 21 of the 23 species were introduced between 1993 and 2006, but only 3 new species have been documented with new reproducing and overwintering populations in the last decade. Multiple revisions have been made to taxonomy and introduction dates based on additional review of literature and museum/herbarium collections. Over the most recent 25 years, the rate of introduction of nonindigenous species capable of becoming established has declined. With the 2006 expansion of ballast regulations to include residual ballast sediments in vessels declaring ‘No Ballast on Board’, the rate of new invasions has fallen to a low of only 0.25 species per year. Grant no. NA17OAR4320152

Mills等人1993年的开创性研究列出了137种已成功定殖（established）的非本土（nonindigenous）水生物种，这些物种均非北美五大湖（Great Lakes）的本土物种，其中2种植物进一步被划分为两个亚种类群。本研究移除了其中7个物种：3个被重新界定为大概率本土物种，4种植物（包括Sonchus arvensis的两个亚种）被重新归类为陆生物种。另有35种于1993年之前就已传入的物种（部分源于重新分类，部分因发现与上报存在时间滞后）被增补至该名录。1993年之后又有24个新定殖物种被记录，使总物种数达到188种（其中Pluchea odorata包含两个亚种）。值得注意的是，23个物种中有21种是在1993至2006年间被引入的，但近十年仅记录到3个具备可繁殖并越冬种群的新物种。基于对文献及博物馆/标本馆馆藏的额外审查，我们对分类学信息与物种引入时间进行了多处修订。近25年来，具备定殖能力的非本土物种的引入速率有所下降。随着2006年压载水（ballast water）管理法规扩展至涵盖申报“无压载水”的船舶所载的残余压载沉积物，新入侵物种的发生速率已降至每年仅0.25种的低位。资助编号：NA17OAR4320152