Territory-level temperature influences breeding phenology and reproductive output in three forest passerine birds

Temperature plays an important role in determining the breeding phenology of birds in temperate climates, with higher spring temperatures associated with earlier breeding. However, the effect of localised territory-scale temperature variations is poorly understood, with relationships between temperature and breeding phenology mostly studied using coarse-grained climatic indices. Here, we interpolate spring temperatures recorded at 150 m2 grid intersections encompassing 417 ha of forest to examine the influence of territory-scale temperature, and its interaction with mean annual temperature, on territory selection, breeding phenology, clutch size and fledging success for three co-occurring single-brooded passerine birds using data from 672 nests over four years. All species exhibited significant trends in reproductive traits associated with territory-scale temperature. Pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca settled in cooler territories first, where they raised more fledglings. Blue tits Cy...

在温带气候区，温度对鸟类繁殖物候（breeding phenology）的确定起着重要作用，春季温度越高，繁殖时间越早。然而，局部领地尺度（territory-scale）温度变化的影响尚不清楚，温度与繁殖物候之间的关系大多使用粗粒度气候指数（climatic indices）进行研究。在这里，我们对覆盖417公顷森林的150平方米网格交点处记录的春季温度进行插值，利用四年间672个巢穴的数据，研究领地尺度温度及其与年平均温度的相互作用对三种共存的单窝繁殖雀形目鸟类（passerine birds）的领地选择、繁殖物候、窝卵数（clutch size）和出雏成功率（fledging success）的影响。所有物种的繁殖性状都表现出与领地尺度温度相关的显著趋势。斑姬鹟（Pied flycatchers, Ficedula hypoleuca）首先在较凉爽的领地定居，在那里它们养育的雏鸟更多。蓝山雀（Blue tits, Cy...