Data_Sheet_1_Intake of Ultra-Processed Food and Ectopic-, Visceral- and Other Fat Depots: A Cross-Sectional Study.PDF

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to investigate associations between intake of ultra-processed food (UPF) and liver fat, pancreas fat and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) but also subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), VAT/SAT ratio and total fat mass.
Materials and MethodsCross-sectional analysis of n = 286 50-year old men and women. Energy percentage (%E) from UPF was calculated from a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Food items were categorized according to the NOVA-classification system and fat depots were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Associations were analyzed using linear regression, adjusted for sex, education, physical activity, smoking, dietary factors and BMI.
ResultsMean intake of UPF was 37.8 ± 10.2 %E and the three largest contributors to this were crisp- and wholegrain breads and spreads, indicating overall healthy food choices. Consumption of UPF was associated with higher intake of energy, carbohydrates and fiber and lower intake of protein and polyunsaturated fat but no differences were observed for total fat, saturated fat (SFA), monounsaturated fat, sugar or alcohol between tertiles of UPF. Intake of UPF was positively associated with liver- and pancreas fat, VAT, VAT/SAT and inversely associated with total fat mass in crude models. The association for VAT remained after full adjustment (β = 0.01 (95% CI: 0.002, 0.02), P = 0.02) and was driven by women.
ConclusionEnergy intake from UPF is not associated with ectopic fat, SAT or total fat after adjustment for multiple confounders in this population having overall healthy food habits. However, a positive association between UPF and VAT was observed which was driven by women.

引言
本研究旨在探讨超加工食品（ultra-processed food, UPF）的摄入量与肝脏脂肪、胰腺脂肪、内脏脂肪组织（visceral adipose tissue, VAT）、皮下脂肪组织（subcutaneous adipose tissue, SAT）、VAT/SAT比值以及体脂总量之间的关联。

材料与方法
本研究纳入286名50岁的男性与女性开展横断面分析。采用半定量食物频率问卷计算超加工食品供能比（%E）。食物条目依据NOVA分类系统进行归类，脂肪储库则通过磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging, MRI）与生物电阻抗分析（bioelectrical impedance analysis, BIA）进行评估。采用线性回归分析各关联，并校正性别、受教育程度、体力活动、吸烟状况、膳食相关因素以及体质量指数（BMI）。

研究结果
超加工食品的平均摄入量为37.8±10.2 %E，其主要的三大贡献来源为脆面包、全麦面包以及涂抹酱，提示受试者整体膳食选择较为健康。超加工食品摄入量较高的组别，其能量、碳水化合物与膳食纤维摄入量更高，而蛋白质与多不饱和脂肪摄入量更低；但在超加工食品摄入量三分位组之间，总脂肪、饱和脂肪（saturated fat, SFA）、单不饱和脂肪、糖或酒精的摄入量未观察到显著差异。在粗模型中，超加工食品摄入量与肝脏脂肪、胰腺脂肪、VAT以及VAT/SAT比值呈正相关，与体脂总量呈负相关。在校正全部混杂因素后，VAT与超加工食品摄入量的关联仍具有统计学意义（β=0.01，95%置信区间：0.002~0.02，P=0.02），且该关联仅在女性亚组中显著。

研究结论
在整体膳食习惯较为健康的研究人群中，在校正多种混杂因素后，超加工食品的能量摄入与异位脂肪、SAT以及体脂总量并无关联。但本研究仍观察到超加工食品摄入量与VAT呈正相关，且该关联仅由女性亚组驱动。