S1 Data -

Objective
Multiple inflammatory mechanisms dynamically interact in the development of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Disruption of the relationship between host and environmental factors on the mucosal surface leads to the development of inflammation. Microorganisms constitute the most important part of environmental factors.
Methods
28 volunteers (18 CRSwNP patients and 10 healthy individuals) were included in the study. Eight patients were recurrent nasal polyposis cases, and the remaining were primary cases. Swab samples were taken from the middle meatus under endoscopic examination from all participants. After DNA extraction, a library was created with the Swift Amplicon 16S + ITS kit and sequenced with Illumina Miseq. Sequence analysis was performed using QIIME, UNITE v8.2 database for ITS and Silva v138 for 16S rRNA.
Results
The predominant bacteria in all groups were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria as phyla and Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Sphingomonas as genera. Comparison of bacterial communities of CRSwNP patients and control group highlighted Corynebacterium, as the differentiating taxa for control group and Streptococcus, Moraxella, Rothia, Micrococcus, Gemella, and Prevotella for CRSwNP patients. The predominant fungal genus in all groups was Malassezia. Staphylococcus; showed a statistically significant negative correlation with Dolosigranulum. Corynebacterium had a positive correlation with Anaerococcus, and a negative correlation with Neisseria, Prevotella, Fusobacterium and Peptostreptococcus.
Conclusion
Nasal microbiome of CRSwNP patients shows greater inter-individual variation than the control group. Corynebacterium is less abundant in patients with CRSwNP compared to the control group. Malassezia is the predominant fungus in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses and correlates positively with the abundance of Corynebacterium.

研究目的
多种炎症机制在伴鼻息肉的慢性鼻-鼻窦炎（chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, CRSwNP）的发生发展过程中存在动态相互作用。黏膜表面宿主与环境因素之间的平衡被打破，会引发炎症反应，而微生物是环境因素中最为重要的组成部分。

研究方法
本研究共纳入28名受试者，其中包括18名伴鼻息肉的慢性鼻-鼻窦炎（CRSwNP）患者与10名健康个体。8例患者为复发性鼻息肉病例，其余为初发性病例。所有受试者均在内镜检查下采集中鼻道拭子样本。完成DNA提取后，采用Swift Amplicon 16S+ITS试剂盒构建测序文库，并通过Illumina MiSeq平台进行测序。序列分析使用QIIME软件完成，其中ITS序列比对采用UNITE v8.2数据库，16S核糖体RNA（16S rRNA）序列比对采用Silva v138数据库。

研究结果
所有受试者组中的优势细菌菌门均为厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria），优势菌属则为葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus）、棒状杆菌属（Corynebacterium）和鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）。对比伴鼻息肉的慢性鼻-鼻窦炎（CRSwNP）患者与健康对照组的细菌群落结构可见，棒状杆菌属（Corynebacterium）是健康对照组的特征性分类单元，而链球菌属（Streptococcus）、莫拉菌属（Moraxella）、罗氏菌属（Rothia）、微球菌属（Micrococcus）、孪生球菌属（Gemella）以及普雷沃菌属（Prevotella）则是CRSwNP患者的特征性分类单元。所有组别中的优势真菌属为马拉色菌属（Malassezia）。葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus）与多索格兰菌属（Dolosigranulum）呈具有统计学意义的负相关。棒状杆菌属（Corynebacterium）与厌氧球菌属（Anaerococcus）呈正相关，而与奈瑟菌属（Neisseria）、普雷沃菌属（Prevotella）、梭杆菌属（Fusobacterium）以及消化链球菌属（Peptostreptococcus）呈负相关。

研究结论
伴鼻息肉的慢性鼻-鼻窦炎（CRSwNP）患者的鼻腔微生物组较健康对照组具有更高的个体间差异。与健康对照组相比，CRSwNP患者体内棒状杆菌属（Corynebacterium）的丰度更低。马拉色菌属（Malassezia）是鼻腔及副鼻窦中的优势真菌，且与棒状杆菌属的丰度呈正相关。