Out of north Africa: Evolution and biogeography of Afro-Arabian dwarf tarantulas (Theraphosidae, Ischnocolinae)

Large-scale vicariant events are expected to create congruent phylogeographic patterns among unrelated taxa. A continental-wide disjunction displayed by unrelated plant taxa across Afro-Arabia (the RAND flora pattern) has been traditionally explained as a consequence of late Miocene aridification of the region and the formation of the Sahara Desert. We implement genomic data (UCE), divergence time estimation and biogeographic analyses to uncover the origins of RAND pattern distribution in dwarf tarantula genus Ischnocolus Ausserer, 1871. The results suggest that the disjunct distribution of Ischnocolus resulted from ecological vicariance driven by the Middle Miocene climate cooling, predating the timing of the aridification of the region. Our results thus bring evidence of phylogeographic discordance of the RAND pattern origins among different taxa. Conserved lifestyle and the preference for humid environments among the early diverging Ischnocolus lineages also suggest that dispersal ac..., , , ## **Out of North Africa: Evolution and biogeography of Afro-Arabian dwarf tarantulas (Theraphosidae, Ischnocolinae)**

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.wm37pvmz2](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.wm37pvmz2)

Jan Korba^1^ and Vera Opatova^1^*

*^1^Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 44, Czech Republic*

*Corresponding Author: [[e-mail]](mailto:[e-mail])

Jan Korba: [https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0578-1725](https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0578-1725)

Vera Opatova: [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4324-1344](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4324-1344)

## Description of the data and file structure

Data type: Genomic DNA sequence data, Ultraconserved elemets (UCE)

Raw sequence reads were processed using *illumiprocessor* (Faircloth, 2013) and *trimmomatic* (Bolger et al., 2014), both implemented within the *Phyluce v.1.7.3.* pipeline (Faircloth, 2016). Assemblies were conducted de novo using SPAdes 3.14.1 (Prjibelski et al., 20...,

大规模异域分化事件被认为会在非近缘类群间形成一致的系统地理格局。非洲-阿拉伯区域内非近缘植物类群呈现的洲际间断分布（即RAND植物区系模式），传统上被归因于该区域晚中新世的干旱化以及撒哈拉沙漠的形成。本研究利用基因组数据（超保守元件，Ultraconserved elemets, UCE）、分化时间估算以及生物地理分析，以探究矮捕鸟蛛属（*Ischnocolus* Ausserer, 1871）RAND模式分布的起源。研究结果显示，矮捕鸟蛛属的间断分布源于中中新世气候降温驱动的生态异域分化，其发生时间早于该区域的干旱化进程。因此本研究结果为不同类群间RAND模式起源的系统地理不一致性提供了证据。早期分化的矮捕鸟蛛支系所保留的生活习性以及对湿润环境的偏好，也暗示着扩散能力……, , ,

## **Out of North Africa: Evolution and biogeography of Afro-Arabian dwarf tarantulas (Theraphosidae, Ischnocolinae)**

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.wm37pvmz2](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.wm37pvmz2)

Jan Korba^1^ and Vera Opatova^1^

*^1^ 捷克共和国布拉格2区维尼采纳7号，查理大学理学院动物学系，邮编128 44*

*Corresponding Author: [[e-mail]](mailto:[e-mail])

Jan Korba: [https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0578-1725](https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0578-1725)

Vera Opatova: [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4324-1344](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4324-1344)

## Description of the data and file structure

Data type: Genomic DNA sequence data, Ultraconserved elemets (UCE)

Raw sequence reads were processed using *illumiprocessor* (Faircloth, 2013) and *trimmomatic* (Bolger et al., 2014), both implemented within the *Phyluce v.1.7.3.* pipeline (Faircloth, 2016). Assemblies were conducted de novo using SPAdes 3.14.1 (Prjibelski et al., 20...,