History and practice of 8 U.S. Code §1103 notes, Sec. 102(c): Improvement of barriers at border

To expedite the construction of barriers along the U.S.-Mexico border, an extensive array of laws has been waived. This authority is codified in 8 U.S. Code §1103 notes, Sec. 102(c) - Improvement of Barriers at Border. In 1996 the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 were waived directly by Congress and in 2005 Congress delegated authority to the Secretary of Homeland Security to waive any law necessary with the REAL ID Act. Covering environmental protections, historic preservation, procurement procedures, religious freedoms, and more, waiver determinations facilitate the extensive and more rapid construction of border barriers. This dataset documents the history of this aspect of U.S. law as debated, as legislated, as proclaimed, and as litigated. 
This dataset is designed to accompany the following academic paper: Madsen, Kenneth D. 2022. Institutionalising the Exception: Homeland Security Section 102(c) Waivers and the Construction of Borde..., Most documents in this dataset are from the U.S. government or other publicly available websites and are collected here to support the accompanying academic paper and be centrally available for future reference and research. Other files reflect the author's work to list, categorize, describe, and otherwise make sense of these collected documents. Many files are annotated and have relevant sections highlighted., This dataset is organized into four sections, indicated by the file name prefix. File names starting with a \"1\" concern legislation in the U.S. Congress relating to Sec. 102(c) waiver authority. File names starting with a \"2\" include government documents cited in the accompanying academic paper. File names starting with a \"3\" document waiver determinations based on Sec. 102(c) authority. File names starting with a \"4\" summarize court opinions related to Sec. 102(c) waiver authority. All documents included are compatible with the CC0 waiver. Most are in .pdf format with relevant information annotated. In preparing these documents, every effort has been made to prepare them for long-term archival storage. As per recommended best practices, most files have been saved in .pdf/A format (with the \"A\" referring to standards for long-term (or archival) preservation). Three files are also included in Microsoft Excel format for added usability. For additional details and a full listing of content...

为加快美国-墨西哥边境屏障的建设，一系列广泛的法律已被豁免。该授权被编入《美国法典》第8编第1103条注释第102(c)款——边境屏障改进条款。1996年，国会直接豁免了1973年《濒危物种法案》与1969年《国家环境政策法案》；2005年，国会通过《真实身份法案》将豁免任何必要法律的权力授予国土安全部部长。豁免决定涵盖环境保护、历史保护、采购程序、宗教自由等多个领域，为边境屏障的大规模快速建设提供了便利。本数据集记录了美国法律这一方面在辩论、立法、宣告及诉讼过程中的历史。
本数据集旨在配合以下学术论文：Madsen, Kenneth D. 2022. 《制度性例外：国土安全部第102(c)款豁免与边境屏障建设》（原文标题后半部分省略）。数据集中的大多数文档来自美国政府或其他公开网站，经收集用于支持上述学术论文，并为未来研究提供集中参考。其他文件反映了作者对这些收集文档进行列表、分类、描述及阐释的工作成果。许多文件带有注释并高亮了相关部分。
本数据集按文件名前缀分为四个部分：以“1”开头的文件涉及美国国会中与第102(c)款豁免授权相关的立法；以“2”开头的文件包含上述学术论文引用的政府文档；以“3”开头的文件记录基于第102(c)款授权作出的豁免决定；以“4”开头的文件汇总与第102(c)款豁免授权相关的法院意见。所有包含的文档均兼容CC0豁免协议，大多数为带有相关信息注释的PDF格式。在准备这些文档时，已尽最大努力确保其适合长期存档。根据推荐的最佳实践，大多数文件以PDF/A格式保存（其中“A”代表长期（或存档）保存标准）。此外还包含三个Microsoft Excel格式的文件以提升可用性。更多细节及完整内容列表...