YorkU.Woodland.Lab06Group04.Oct24.2016

Hypothesis: The pond habitat will contain more species of organisms than the woodland habitat, the pond habitat has resources available to more organisms. There were less trees (therefore less canopy cover) in the pond habitat, so more sunlight reaches more plants and more animals can feed on those plants. Prediction 1: The pond habitat will have a higher abundance of invertebrates than the woodland habitat. Prediction 2: The pond habitat will have a higher abundance of native plants than the woodland habitat. Observations:Observations were made between 3:00PM and 4:00PM on October 24th 2016 at York University. The research group (GroupID: 04) consisted of Meg, Jasneet, Faras and Ying. It was a partially sunny day, 10°C, and breezy with an occasional gust. The woodland habitat was located in the Saywell Woods (coordinates and elevation listed in datasheet); the transect was placed parallel to the edge of the woods about 50m in. Methods and meta-data: Invertebrate sweeps and pans: Survey conducted using pan trap and sweep nets to record abundance of invertebrates. 6 pan traps (colours: white (2), yellow (2), blue (2)) were placed 3m apart from each other right alongside the transect (50m). The pan traps were left sitting for approximately 35 mins at each grassland site before counting and recording the number of invertebrates. Sweeps (10 replicates) were performed alongside transect (50m) and at the end of each 50m sweep, number of invertebrates were counted and recorded. Replicate (continuous): number of pan traps placed and number of sweeps performed. Pan trap colour (categorical): bright (yellow), neutral (white), and dark (blue) pans placed in alternating series. Abundance.pantraps (discreet): number of species in each pan counted and recorded. Abundance.sweeps (discreet): number of species counted and recorded at the end of every 50m sweep. Abundance.invertebrates: Invertebrate abundance reference from table 2 (or Table 6 in case of Table 5). Vertebrate and invertebrate survey: Survey conducted by placing two 25m transects end to end where TA had directed. A 15-minute timer on Jasneet’s cell phone was used to time the observation period. Once the timer had begun, Meg slowly walked the length of the transect, stopping roughly every two metres to look at the ground more carefully. Vertebrates and humans were counted when seen within 50 m of the transect, invertebrates with 5 m. Counts were tallied in a lab notebook until the timer went off. Replicate (continuous): the 15 minute period. Vertebrate abundance (discreet): Number of individual vertebrates observed within 50 m of the transect within a 15 minute period. Vertebrate species (discreet): Number of vertebrate species observed within 50 m of the transect within a 15 minute period. Human abundance: Number of individual humans (discreet) observed within 50 m of the transect within a 15 minute period. Invertebrate abundance (discreet): Number of individual invertebrates observed within 5 m of the transect within a 15 minute period. Quadrat Survey: Survey conducted by randomly placing quadrat every 2m along the transect (50m), alternating the left and right side. Survey repeated 25 times. Replicate (continuous): referring to the number of times experiment was repeated. Abundance.native.plants (discreet): number of native species inside the quadrant area. Abundance.exotic.plants (discreet): number of exotic (not native to the land) species inside the quadrant area. Abundance.flowers (discreet): number of flower heads present inside the quadrant area. Woody Plant Survey: To measure the abundance of woody plants, canopy cover, ground cover, and total number of flowers, a 50m transect was setup. For every two meters along the transect, the measurements were taken within 0.5m of the transect. Abundance.woody.plants (numerical discreet): measurements was taken by observing either side of the transect at every two meters. Each woody plant that is greater than 1.5m in height and within 0.5m of the transect was counted. Canopy.cover (continuous): At every two meters, measurement was taken by making a rectangle with the hands and looking up to see how much of the rectangle was covered. The measurement canopy cover is an estimated percentage. Ground.cover (continuous): measurement taken at every two meters using the same method aforementioned. This measurement is also an estimated percentage. Abundance.flower (discreet): As with all the previous measurements, this was taken at every two meters as well. Flowers that are within 0.5m of the transect are counted for.

假设：池塘生境的生物物种丰富度将高于林地生境，因池塘生境可为更多生物提供可利用资源。池塘生境树木更为稀疏（冠层覆盖度更低），更多阳光可照射到植物上，进而支撑更多动物取食这些植物。
预测1：池塘生境的无脊椎动物丰度将高于林地生境。
预测2：池塘生境的本土植物丰度将高于林地生境。

观测记录：本次观测于2016年10月24日15:00至16:00在约克大学（York University）开展。研究小组（组别编号：04）成员包括Meg、Jasneet、Faras与Ying。当日天气为局部晴好，气温10℃，伴有微风及阵性阵风。林地生境位于塞韦尔林地（Saywell Woods），其坐标与海拔详见数据表；样带（transect）布设于距林缘约50米的林内区域，与林缘平行。

方法与元数据：
1. 无脊椎动物扫网与诱捕盘调查：采用诱捕盘（pan trap）与扫网（sweep net）开展调查，以记录无脊椎动物丰度。沿50米样带旁每隔3米布设6个诱捕盘，其中白色、黄色、蓝色各2个。在每个草地样点放置诱捕盘约35分钟后，计数并记录诱捕到的无脊椎动物数量。沿样带开展10次重复扫网作业，每完成50米扫网后，计数并记录无脊椎动物数量。
- 重复次数（连续型变量）：布设的诱捕盘总数与开展的扫网作业次数。
- 诱捕盘颜色（分类变量）：按亮黄色、中性白色、深蓝色的交替顺序布设。
- 诱捕盘捕获丰度（Abundance.pantraps，离散型变量）：计数并记录每个诱捕盘中的物种数量。
- 扫网捕获丰度（Abundance.sweeps，离散型变量）：每完成50米扫网后计数并记录的无脊椎动物数量。
- 无脊椎动物总丰度（Abundance.invertebrates）：数据参照表2（若表5不可用则参照表6）。

2. 脊椎动物与无脊椎动物调查：沿指导教师（TA）指定位置布设两段首尾相接的25米样带。使用Jasneet手机上的计时器设置15分钟观测时长。计时开始后，Meg缓慢沿样带行进，约每2米停下仔细观察地面。记录样带50米范围内所见脊椎动物与人类，以及样带5米范围内所见无脊椎动物。观测数据记录于实验笔记本，直至计时结束。
- 重复时长（连续型变量）：15分钟的观测周期。
- 脊椎动物丰度（离散型变量）：15分钟观测期内，样带50米范围内观察到的脊椎动物个体总数。
- 脊椎动物物种数（离散型变量）：15分钟观测期内，样带50米范围内观察到的脊椎动物物种总数。
- 人类个体数（离散型变量）：15分钟观测期内，样带50米范围内观察到的人类个体总数。
- 无脊椎动物丰度（离散型变量）：15分钟观测期内，样带5米范围内观察到的无脊椎动物个体总数。

3. 样方（quadrat）调查：沿50米样带每2米随机放置样方，交替选取样带左侧与右侧，共重复25次。
- 重复次数（连续型变量）：实验开展的总次数。
- 本土植物丰度（Abundance.native.plants，离散型变量）：样方区域内观察到的本土植物物种数量。
- 外来植物丰度（Abundance.exotic.plants，离散型变量）：样方区域内观察到的外来（非本地原生）植物物种数量。
- 花头数量（Abundance.flowers，离散型变量）：样方区域内存在的花头总数。

4. 木本植物调查：为调查木本植物丰度、冠层覆盖度、地表覆盖度及总花数，布设50米样带。沿样带每2米在样带两侧0.5米范围内开展测量。
- 木本植物丰度（Abundance.woody.plants，数值型离散变量）：每2米在样带两侧开展观测，统计所有高度超过1.5米且位于样带0.5米范围内的木本植物个体数。
- 冠层覆盖度（Canopy.cover，连续型变量）：每2米采用手持矩形框法进行估算，记录矩形框内被树冠遮挡的百分比。
- 地表覆盖度（Ground.cover，连续型变量）：采用与冠层覆盖度相同的方法，每2米开展测量，结果为估算百分比。
- 花部丰度（Abundance.flower，离散型变量）：与前述测量一致，每2米开展观测，统计样带0.5米范围内的花朵数量。