DDoS resilience (Max throughput in Gbps).

The blockchain trilemma—achieving scalability, security, and decentralization simultaneously—remains an unsolved challenge in distributed systems. This paper introduces CrustChain, a novel framework that advances decentralized storage and consensus via three key innovations: (1) a reputation-weighted (where node influence scales with storage contribution and historical reliability) Proof-of-Capacity mechanism with temporal Sealed-Post (SPoSt) challenges, (2) hybrid erasure-network coding for 82% storage cost reduction, and (3) MDP-optimized sharding for sub-second cross-shard latency. By combining storage resource guarantees with a sharded validation layer, CrustChain processes 1,450 transactions per second (TPS) at sub-second latency while maintaining a chain quality score (fraction of blocks produced by honest nodes) of 0.94 under 40% Byzantine nodes. The system reduces on-chain storage overhead by 82% compared to Bitcoin through decentralized content addressing and Merkle forest compression. Experimental results demonstrate 99.99% data durability across 1,024 global nodes with $150 hardware requirements, achieving energy efficiency of 0.3 Joules per transaction (0.05% of Bitcoin’s consumption), and outperforming Filecoin’s storage costs by 63%. CrustChain’s layered architecture sets a new benchmark for blockchain systems requiring both high throughput and censorship resistance.

区块链三元悖论（blockchain trilemma）——即同时实现可扩展性、安全性与去中心化——仍是分布式系统领域尚未解决的核心挑战。本文提出CrustChain，一种面向去中心化存储与共识优化的全新框架，其核心创新包含三点：(1) 声誉加权型容量证明（Proof-of-Capacity, PoC）机制，该机制中节点影响力随存储贡献与历史可靠性动态提升，搭配时序化密封后验（Sealed-Post, SPoSt）挑战机制；(2) 混合擦除-网络编码技术，可将存储成本降低82%；(3) 基于马尔可夫决策过程（Markov Decision Process, MDP）优化的分片技术，实现亚秒级跨分片延迟。通过将存储资源保障与分片验证层相结合，CrustChain可在亚秒级延迟下实现每秒1450笔交易（transactions per second, TPS），且在拜占庭节点（Byzantine nodes）占比达40%的场景下，仍可维持0.94的链质量评分（即诚实节点出块占比）。相较于比特币（Bitcoin），该系统通过去中心化内容寻址与默克尔森林（Merkle forest）压缩技术，将链上存储开销降低82%。实验结果显示，在使用150美元级硬件的前提下，该系统在1024个全球节点中可实现99.99%的数据持久性，单交易能耗仅为0.3焦耳（仅为比特币能耗的0.05%），且存储成本较Filecoin低63%。CrustChain的分层架构为同时需要高吞吐量与抗审查能力的区块链系统树立了全新标杆。