Data from: Evolutionary divergence in competitive mating success through female mating bias for good genes

Despite heritable variation for univariate sexually selected traits, recent analyses exploring multivariate traits find evidence consistent with the lek paradox in showing no genetic variation available to choosy females, and therefore no genetic benefits of choice. We used the preferences of Drosophila melanogaster females to exert bidirectional selection on competitive male mating success to test for the presence and nature of genetic variation underlying this multivariate trait. Male mating success diverged between selection regimens, and flies from success-selected lines had a smaller burden of deleterious, recessive mutations that affect egg-to-adult viability, were better sperm competitors (sperm offence), and did not demonstrate reduced desiccation resistance or components of female fitness (traits thought to trade off with attractiveness) relative to flies from failure-selected populations. Mating success remained subject to inbreeding depression in success-selected lines, suggesting that variation in mating success remains, thanks to numerous genes of small effect. Together, our results provide unique evidence for the evolutionary divergence in male mating success, demonstrating that genetic variation is not exhausted along the axis of precopulatory sexual selection and that female mating biases align with the avoidance of bad genes.,Raw data of all fitness assaysThis file contains data for all fitness assays. The first seven tabs are fitness assays for: male mating success, egg-to-adult viability, sperm competitiveness, desiccation resistance, larval competitiveness, male wing size and productivity that were performed on the success-selected, failure-selected, and control lines. The eighth tab contains data from a desiccation resistance assay on the stock population, and the ninth and tenth tabs contain data from wing size and viability assays performed on size-selected populations. These data include: treatment, replicate lines within treatments, replicate families within replicate lines, cross (outbred or inbred by brother-sister matings), replicate vials within replicate lines, sex, and day (the day on which mating trials were conducted). Note that different flies from different families and/or vials were used for each assay.Fitness assays_ raw data.xlsx,

尽管单变量性选择性状（univariate sexually selected traits）存在可遗传变异，但近期针对多变量性状（multivariate traits）的分析发现，其结果与lek悖论（lek paradox）一致——即挑剔雌性可利用的遗传变异不存在，因此选择无遗传收益。我们利用黑腹果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）雌性的偏好，对雄性竞争性交配成功率（competitive male mating success）施加双向选择（bidirectional selection），以检测该多变量性状背后遗传变异的存在性及性质。不同选择方案（selection regimens）间雄性交配成功率出现分化：来自成功选择品系的果蝇携带更少影响卵到成虫存活率（egg-to-adult viability）的有害隐性突变（deleterious recessive mutations），精子竞争能力（sperm competitiveness）更强（精子进攻，sperm offence），且相较于失败选择种群的果蝇，其耐旱性（desiccation resistance）或雌性适合度组分（components of female fitness，被认为与吸引力存在权衡的性状）未降低。成功选择品系中交配成功率仍受近交衰退（inbreeding depression）影响，表明交配成功率的变异因微效多基因（numerous genes of small effect）的存在而得以维持。综上，我们的结果为雄性交配成功率的进化分化（evolutionary divergence）提供了独特证据，证明交配前性选择轴（axis of precopulatory sexual selection）上的遗传变异未被耗尽，且雌性交配偏好（female mating biases）与规避不良基因一致。
所有适合度测定（fitness assays）的原始数据：本文件包含所有适合度测定的数据。前七个工作表为针对成功选择、失败选择及对照品系（control lines）开展的测定，涉及雄性交配成功率、卵到成虫存活率、精子竞争力、耐旱性、幼虫竞争力（larval competitiveness）、雄性翅大小（male wing size）及繁殖力（productivity）。第八个工作表包含原种群（stock population）的耐旱性测定数据，第九和第十个工作表包含体型选择种群（size-selected populations）的翅大小及存活率测定数据。这些数据包括：处理组、处理组内的重复品系（replicate lines）、重复品系内的重复家系（replicate families）、杂交方式（cross，远交或兄妹交配近交）、重复品系内的重复管（replicate vials）、性别及交配试验（mating trials）开展日。请注意，每个测定使用了来自不同家系和/或管的不同果蝇。文件名称：Fitness assays_raw data.xlsx