Super resolution enhancement of Landsat imagery and detections of high-latitude lakes

This archive contains native resolution and super resolution (SR) Landsat imagery, derivative lake shorelines, and previously-published lake shorelines derived airborne remote sensing, used here for comparison. Landsat images are from 1985 (Landsat 5) and 2017 (Landsat 8) and are cropped to study areas used in the corresponding paper and converted to 8-bit format. SR images were created using the model of Lezine et al (2021a, 2021b), which outputs imagery at 10x-finer resolution, and they have the same extent and bit depth as the native resolution scenes included. Reference shoreline datasets are from Kyzivat et al. (2019a and 2019b) for the year 2017 and Walter Anthony et al. (2021a, 2021b) for Fairbanks, AK, USA in 1985. All derived and comparison shoreline datasets are cropped to the same extent, filtered to a common minimum lake size (40 m2 for 2017; 13 m2 for 1985), and smoothed via 10 m morphological closing. The SR-derived lakes were determined to have F-1 scores of 0.75 (2017 data) and 0.60 (1985 data) as compared to reference lakes for lakes larger than 500 m2, and accuracy is worse for smaller lakes. More details are in the forthcoming accompanying publication.

All raster images are in cloud-optimized geotiff (COG) format (.tif) with file naming shown in Table 1. Vector shoreline datasets are in ESRI shapefile format (.shp, .dbf, etc.), and file names use the abbreviations LR for low resolution, SR for high resolution, and GT for “ground truth” comparison airborne-derived datasets.

Landsat-5 and Landsat-8 images courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey

For an interactive map demo of these datasets via Google Earth Engine Apps, visit:  https://ekyzivat.users.earthengine.app/view/super-resolution-demo

Table 1: File naming scheme based on region, with some regions requiring two-scene mosaics.

Region

Landsat ID

Mosaic name

Yukon Flats Basin

LC08_L2SP_068014_20170708_20200903_02_T1

LC08_20170708_yflats_cog.tif

“

LC08_L2SP_068013_20170708_20201015_02_T1

“

Old Crow Flats

LC08_L2SP_067012_20170903_20200903_02_T1

-

Mackenzie River Delta

LC08_L2SP_064011_20170728_20200903_02_T1

LC08_20170728_inuvik_cog.tif

“

LC08_L2SP_064012_20170728_20200903_02_T1

“

Canadian Shield Margin

LC08_L2SP_050015_20170811_20200903_02_T1

LC08_20170811_cshield-margin_cog.tif

“

LC08_L2SP_048016_20170829_20200903_02_T1

“

Canadian Shield near Baker Creek

LC08_L2SP_046016_20170831_20200903_02_T1

-

Canadian Shield near Daring Lake

LC08_L2SP_045015_20170723_20201015_02_T1

-

Peace-Athabasca Delta

LC08_L2SP_043019_20170810_20200903_02_T1

-

Prairie Potholes North 1

LC08_L2SP_041021_20170812_20200903_02_T1

LC08_20170812_potholes-north1_cog.tif

“

LC08_L2SP_041022_20170812_20200903_02_T1

“

Prairie Potholes North 2

LC08_L2SP_038023_20170823_20200903_02_T1

-

Prairie Potholes South

LC08_L2SP_031027_20170907_20200903_02_T1

-

Fairbanks

LT05_L2SP_070014_19850831_20200918_02_T1

-

References:

Kyzivat, E. D., Smith, L. C., Pitcher, L. H., Fayne, J. V., Cooley, S. W., Cooper, M. G., Topp, S. N., Langhorst, T., Harlan, M. E., Horvat, C., Gleason, C. J., & Pavelsky, T. M. (2019b). A high-resolution airborne color-infrared camera water mask for the NASA ABoVE campaign. Remote Sensing, 11(18), 2163. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11182163

Kyzivat, E.D., L.C. Smith, L.H. Pitcher, J.V. Fayne, S.W. Cooley, M.G. Cooper, S. Topp, T. Langhorst, M.E. Harlan, C.J. Gleason, and T.M. Pavelsky. 2019a. ABoVE: AirSWOT Water Masks from Color-Infrared Imagery over Alaska and Canada, 2017. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1707

Ekaterina M. D. Lezine, Kyzivat, E. D., & Smith, L. C. (2021a). Super-resolution surface water mapping on the Canadian shield using planet CubeSat images and a generative adversarial network. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 47(2), 261–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/07038992.2021.1924646

Ekaterina M. D. Lezine, Kyzivat, E. D., & Smith, L. C. (2021b). Super-resolution surface water mapping on the canadian shield using planet CubeSat images and a generative adversarial network. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 47(2), 261–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/07038992.2021.1924646

Walter Anthony, K.., Lindgren, P., Hanke, P., Engram, M., Anthony, P., Daanen, R. P., Bondurant, A., Liljedahl, A. K., Lenz, J., Grosse, G., Jones, B. M., Brosius, L., James, S. R., Minsley, B. J., Pastick, N. J., Munk, J., Chanton, J. P., Miller, C. E., & Meyer, F. J. (2021a). Decadal-scale hotspot methane ebullition within lakes following abrupt permafrost thaw. Environ. Res. Lett, 16, 35010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abc848

Walter Anthony, K., and P. Lindgren. 2021b. ABoVE: Historical Lake Shorelines and Areas near Fairbanks, Alaska, 1949-2009. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1859

本存档包含原生分辨率与超分辨率（Super Resolution, SR）陆地卫星（Landsat）影像、衍生湖泊岸线，以及此前已发表的航空遥感湖泊岸线数据，用于对比分析。陆地卫星影像分别采集自1985年的陆地卫星5号（Landsat 5）与2017年的陆地卫星8号（Landsat 8），已裁剪至对应论文的研究区域，并转换为8位格式。超分辨率影像由Lezine等人（2021a、2021b）的模型生成，分辨率较原生影像提升10倍，且与附带的原生分辨率影像具有完全一致的覆盖范围与位深度。参考岸线数据集方面，2017年的数据来自Kyzivat等人（2019a、2019b），美国阿拉斯加州费尔班克斯地区1985年的数据则来自Walter Anthony等人（2021a、2021b）。所有衍生与对比岸线数据集均裁剪至相同覆盖范围，过滤掉最小面积统一的湖泊（2017年为40平方米，1985年为13平方米），并通过10米形态学闭运算进行平滑处理。针对面积大于500平方米的湖泊，超分辨率衍生湖泊与参考湖泊相比的F1分数分别为0.75（2017年数据）与0.60（1985年数据），小型湖泊的分类精度更低。更多细节详见即将发表的配套研究论文。

所有栅格影像均采用云优化地理标签图像格式（Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFF, COG），文件扩展名为.tif，文件命名规则详见表1。矢量岸线数据集采用ESRI形状文件（ESRI Shapefile）格式（.shp、.dbf等），文件名中使用缩写：LR代表低分辨率（Low Resolution, LR）、SR代表超分辨率、GT代表“地面真值（ground truth, GT）”航空遥感衍生数据集。

陆地卫星5号与陆地卫星8号影像由美国地质调查局（U.S. Geological Survey）提供。

如需通过谷歌地球引擎应用（Google Earth Engine Apps）查看本数据集的交互式地图演示，请访问：https://ekyzivat.users.earthengine.app/view/super-resolution-demo

表1：基于研究区域的文件命名方案，部分区域需使用两景影像拼接。

| 研究区域 | 陆地卫星编号 | 拼接文件名 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 育空平原盆地 | LC08_L2SP_068014_20170708_20200903_02_T1 | LC08_20170708_yflats_cog.tif |
| 同上 | LC08_L2SP_068013_20170708_20201015_02_T1 | 同上 |
| 老乌鸦平原 | LC08_L2SP_067012_20170903_20200903_02_T1 | - |
| 马更些河三角洲 | LC08_L2SP_064011_20170728_20200903_02_T1 | LC08_20170728_inuvik_cog.tif |
| 同上 | LC08_L2SP_064012_20170728_20200903_02_T1 | 同上 |
| 加拿大地盾边缘 | LC08_L2SP_050015_20170811_20200903_02_T1 | LC08_20170811_cshield-margin_cog.tif |
| 同上 | LC08_L2SP_048016_20170829_20200903_02_T1 | 同上 |
| 贝克溪附近加拿大地盾区 | LC08_L2SP_046016_20170831_20200903_02_T1 | - |
| 达林湖附近加拿大地盾区 | LC08_L2SP_045015_20170723_20201015_02_T1 | - |
| 和平-阿萨巴斯卡三角洲 | LC08_L2SP_043019_20170810_20200903_02_T1 | - |
| 北部草原坑洼1区 | LC08_L2SP_041021_20170812_20200903_02_T1 | LC08_20170812_potholes-north1_cog.tif |
| 同上 | LC08_L2SP_041022_20170812_20200903_02_T1 | 同上 |
| 北部草原坑洼2区 | LC08_L2SP_038023_20170823_20200903_02_T1 | - |
| 南部草原坑洼区 | LC08_L2SP_031027_20170907_20200903_02_T1 | - |
| 费尔班克斯 | LT05_L2SP_070014_19850831_20200918_02_T1 | - |

参考文献：

1. Kyzivat, E. D., Smith, L. C., Pitcher, L. H., Fayne, J. V., Cooley, S. W., Cooper, M. G., Topp, S. N., Langhorst, T., Harlan, M. E., Horvat, C., Gleason, C. J., & Pavelsky, T. M. (2019b). 适用于NASA ABoVE项目的高分辨率航空彩色红外相机水体掩膜产品. 《遥感》, 11(18), 2163. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11182163

2. Kyzivat, E.D., Smith, L.C., Pitcher, L.H., 等. (2019a). ABoVE：2017年阿拉斯加与加拿大地区彩色红外影像机载SWOT水体掩膜产品. ORNL DAAC, 美国田纳西州橡树岭. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1707

3. Ekaterina M. D. Lezine, Kyzivat, E. D., & Smith, L. C. (2021a). 利用行星CubeSat影像与生成对抗网络（Generative Adversarial Network, GAN）开展加拿大地盾区超分辨率地表水制图. 《加拿大遥感学报》, 47(2), 261–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/07038992.2021.1924646

4. Ekaterina M. D. Lezine, Kyzivat, E. D., & Smith, L. C. (2021b). 利用行星CubeSat影像与生成对抗网络开展加拿大地盾区超分辨率地表水制图. 《加拿大遥感学报》, 47(2), 261–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/07038992.2021.1924646

5. Walter Anthony, K., Lindgren, P., Hanke, P., Engram, M., Anthony, P., Daanen, R. P., Bondurant, A., Liljedahl, A. K., Lenz, J., Grosse, G., Jones, B. M., Brosius, L., James, S. R., Minsley, B. J., Pastick, N. J., Munk, J., Chanton, J. P., Miller, C. E., & Meyer, F. J. (2021a). 多年冻土突发融化后湖泊内的十年尺度甲烷冒泡热点. 《环境研究快报》, 16, 35010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abc848

6. Walter Anthony, K., & Lindgren, P. (2021b). ABoVE：美国阿拉斯加州费尔班克斯附近历史湖泊岸线与面积数据（1949-2009）. ORNL DAAC, 美国田纳西州橡树岭. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1859