Table1_The formation and evolution of flower coloration in Brassica crops.DOCX

The flower coloration of Brassica crops possesses significant application and economic value, making it a research hotspot in the field of genetics and breeding. In recent years, great progress has been made in the research on color variation and creation of Brassica crops. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and evolutional processes of flower colors are poorly understood. In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of the mechanism of flower color formation in plants, emphasizing the molecular basis and regulation mechanism of flavonoids and carotenoids. By summarizing the recent advances on the genetic mechanism of flower color formation and regulation in Brassica crops, it is clearly found that carotenoids and anthocyanins are major pigments for flower color diversity of Brassica crops. Meantime, we also explore the relationship between the emergence of white flowers and the genetic evolution of Brassica chromosomes, and analyze the innovation and multiple utilization of Brassica crops with colorful flowers. This review aims to provide theoretical support for genetic improvements in flower color, enhancing the economic value and aesthetic appeal of Brassica crops.

芸苔属作物（Brassica crops）的花色性状具有重要的应用与经济价值，是遗传学与育种领域的研究热点。近年来，芸苔属作物花色变异与种质创制研究已取得显著进展，但目前对其花色形成的潜在分子机制与演化进程仍不甚明晰。本综述全面阐述了植物花色形成的整体机制，重点聚焦类黄酮（flavonoids）与类胡萝卜素（carotenoids）的分子基础及其调控通路。通过总结芸苔属作物花色形成与调控的遗传机制研究前沿进展，明确了类胡萝卜素与花青素（anthocyanins）是构成芸苔属作物花色多样性的核心色素。与此同时，本研究探讨了白花性状的起源与芸苔属染色体遗传演化之间的内在关联，并分析了彩色花芸苔属作物的种质创新与多元利用路径。本综述旨在为花色性状的遗传改良提供理论支撑，助力提升芸苔属作物的经济价值与观赏美学价值。