Table_1.DOCX

Nephrolithiasis, urolithiasis, and nephrocalcinosis (NC) have become common causes of hospitalization and referral to pediatric outpatient clinics. It is of utmost importance to start with diagnostic evaluation directly after the first passage of a kidney stone, or if NC is diagnosed, in each pediatric patient. This is necessary, as in about 80% of children a metabolic reason for stone disease is detected. Current treatment options are scarce and mainly include general measures like an increased fluid intake or elevating the solubility of a lithogenic substance. According to the given lithogenic risk factor(s), specific treatment options are available and are being summarized in this review. Furthermore, an outlook on potential future treatment options, including innovative strategies such as mRNA-based or recombinant enzyme substitution therapy, is given.

肾结石症（Nephrolithiasis）、尿路结石症（urolithiasis）与肾钙化症（nephrocalcinosis, NC）已成为儿童住院治疗及转诊至儿科门诊的常见病因。针对首次排出肾结石的患儿，或确诊肾钙化症的患儿，需在接诊后即刻开展诊断评估，这一点至关重要。该操作极具必要性，因约80%的儿童结石病可检出代谢性病因。当前可用的治疗方案较为有限，主要包括增加液体摄入、提升致石物质溶解度等一般干预措施。针对明确的致石危险因素，可采用针对性治疗方案，本综述将对其进行汇总。此外，本文还展望了未来潜在的治疗方案，包括基于mRNA的创新治疗策略及重组酶替代疗法等。