Table_4_Refugee Employment Integration Heterogeneity in Sweden: Evidence From a Cohort Analysis.DOCX

Sweden, like many other European countries, has lower employment levels for the foreign-born compared to native-born Swedes. To some extent, this could be due to the country's relatively large intake of refugees. However, few studies have focused entirely on the employment integration of these refugees. In order to fill this gap, we use detailed longitudinal Swedish register data of three arrival cohorts (1998–2000). These data cover the employment of refugees from different countries of origin in Sweden in the first 12 years since their arrival. In line with related work and theoretical considerations and with respect to group characteristics, outmigration, and employment integration over time, we find differences between dissimilar groups of refugees. The findings concerning employment integration decrease to a small degree after rich regression adjustments. Moreover, maybe more surprisingly, we find a very similar result within the main groups of refugees from countries such as Bosnia, Ethiopia, and Eritrea. Women from these groups, in particular, have similar or higher employment probabilities than Swedish-born women after between 5 and 8 years in the country. Overall, each group managed to catch up to a non-negligible, yet varying, degree compared to related empirical evidence from other countries. The role of contextual factors in the refugee sending and receiving countries is highlighted.

与诸多欧洲国家相仿，瑞典的外国出生移民就业水平低于本土瑞典公民。在一定程度上，这或许源于该国相对较大的难民接纳规模。然而，目前鲜有研究专门聚焦于这类难民的就业融合问题。为填补这一研究空白，本研究采用了1998至2000年三个入境队列的瑞典详细纵向登记数据。该数据集涵盖了不同原籍国难民抵达瑞典后首12年的就业情况。结合相关研究成果与理论考量，并兼顾群体特征、移民外流以及随时间推移的就业融合进程，本研究发现不同难民群体间存在显著差异。在进行详尽的回归调整后，有关就业融合的研究结果仅出现小幅变化。此外，更令人意外的是，针对波斯尼亚、埃塞俄比亚、厄立特里亚等国的主要难民群体，本研究得到了高度相似的结论。其中，来自这些群体的女性在瑞典居住5至8年后，就业概率已与本土瑞典女性持平甚至更高。总体而言，与其他国家的相关实证研究结果相比，各难民群体均实现了不可忽视但存在差异的就业融合追赶。本研究同时强调了难民来源国与接收国的背景因素所发挥的重要作用。