Population genetics of Zoanthid species from the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait

A study of the population genetics of Zoanthid species in the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait. Variations in gene frequencies of allozymes and common proteins were used to estimate connectivity and dispersal between populations, and to determine their phylogeny (discrete species identities). Zoanthus coppingeri was studied in greater detail.In 1992-1993, 1261 samples of Palythoa sp. were collected from 2 backreef sites at each of 19 reefs (at least 30 individuals per site) and one site at Hope Island (analysis suggested that all samples were Palythoa caesia). Seven enzymes (GPI, EST-D, MPI, MDH, ME, PGM, HK) were used in the analysis. BIOSYS-1 was used to calculate gene frequencies and genetic variablity.355 specimens were collected from 19 locations 1992-1994. 7 species were identified (Palythoa caesia, Protopalythoa mutuki, Pro. sp.2, Pro. sp.3, Sphenopus marsupialis, Zoanthus coppingeri and Z. vietnamensis) form the samples. Gene frequencies at 13 enzyme loci (ENO, EST-D, GP, HK,LGG-1, LGG-2, LP, LT-1, LT-2, MDH-1, MDH-2, ME, PGM) were analysed. UPGMA cluster analysis was carried out and a phylogenic tree constructed for assessing genetic variablity. A taxonomic key was created for Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait Zoanthidae, as well as a table of diagnostic features for 10 morphological groupings of Zoanthidae and one species (Parazoanthus dichroicus) of Parazoanthidae.During 1992-1993, 319 samples of intertidal Zoanthus coppingeri were collected from Kissing Point, Townsville and 2 sites each at Cockle Bay on Magnetic Island and Low Island (Low Isles). Six polymorphic enzymes (ENO, MDH, EST-D, HK, PGM, LGG) were used in the analysis at site level, subsite level and locality level. Values of genetic differentiation were calculated. To estimate connectivity and dispersal between populations, and to determine discrete species identities.To examine patterns of clonal structure within populations of Z. coppingeri. Collection locations: 11087, 11102, 21299, 21491, 21551, Border Island, Bowden, Cape Cleveland, Cockle Bay (Magnetic Island), Endeavour, Goods Island, Heron Island, Hope Island, Hyde, John Brewer, Kissing Point (Townsville), Low Isles, Mabuiag Island, Magnetic Island, Myrmidon, Orpheus Island, Pandora, Pelorus, Pith, Rib, Ross, Ruby, Stucco, Tuesday Island, Turtle, Wistari Reefs.

大堡礁与托雷斯海峡海葵珊瑚（Zoanthid）物种的种群遗传学研究。通过等位酶（allozymes）与常见蛋白质的基因频率变异，估算种群间的连通性与扩散能力，并确定其系统发育（phylogeny）关系（即离散物种身份）。其中，对Copinger海葵珊瑚（Zoanthus coppingeri）开展了更深入的研究。

1992-1993年，从19个珊瑚礁的每个礁体的2个礁后区域站点（每站点至少30个个体）及霍普岛的1个站点，共采集1261份沙群海葵属未定种（Palythoa sp.）样本（分析表明所有样本均为Caesia沙群海葵（Palythoa caesia））。分析中使用了7种酶（GPI、EST-D、MPI、MDH、ME、PGM、HK），并通过BIOSYS-1软件计算基因频率与遗传变异性。

1992-1994年，从19个地点采集355份标本，从中鉴定出7个物种（Caesia沙群海葵、Mutuki原沙群海葵（Protopalythoa mutuki）、原沙群海葵未定种2（Pro. sp.2）、原沙群海葵未定种3（Pro. sp.3）、袋状楔海葵（Sphenopus marsupialis）、Copinger海葵珊瑚、越南海葵珊瑚（Z. vietnamensis））。分析了13个酶位点（ENO、EST-D、GP、HK、LGG-1、LGG-2、LP、LT-1、LT-2、MDH-1、MDH-2、ME、PGM）的基因频率，采用非加权组平均法（UPGMA）进行聚类分析并构建系统发育树，以评估遗传变异性。此外，还编制了大堡礁与托雷斯海峡海葵珊瑚科（Zoanthidae）的分类检索表，以及海葵珊瑚科10个形态类群与侧花海葵科（Parazoanthidae）1个物种（双色侧花海葵（Parazoanthus dichroicus））的鉴别特征表。

1992-1993年，从汤斯维尔的Kissing Point、磁岛Cockle Bay的2个站点及洛岛（Low Isles）的2个站点，采集319份潮间带Copinger海葵珊瑚样本。在站点、亚站点及区域尺度上，使用6种多态酶（ENO、MDH、EST-D、HK、PGM、LGG）进行分析，并计算遗传分化值。

研究目的：1. 估算种群间的连通性与扩散能力，确定离散物种身份；2. 探究Copinger海葵珊瑚种群内的克隆结构模式。

采集地点：11087、11102、21299、21491、21551、Border Island、Bowden、Cape Cleveland、Cockle Bay（磁岛）、Endeavour、Goods Island、Heron Island、Hope Island、Hyde、John Brewer、Kissing Point（汤斯维尔）、Low Isles、Mabuiag Island、Magnetic Island、Myrmidon、Orpheus Island、Pandora、Pelorus、Pith、Rib、Ross、Ruby、Stucco、Tuesday Island、Turtle、Wistari Reefs。