Table 1_Exploring the relationship between urban visual density and responsible tourism behavior: a multimodal study of Macao.docx

IntroductionUnderstanding responsible tourism behavior in high-density urban destinations is critical for sustainable tourism development. However, limited research has examined how tourists’ psychological evaluations are situated within objectively measured urban visual environments.
MethodsThis study adopted a multimodal design combining survey-based behavioral modeling and street-level visual analysis in Macao. Survey data from 519 non-local visitors were analyzed using covariance-based structural equation modeling to examine relationships among destination image, perceived value, perceived risk, satisfaction, attitude, and responsible tourism behavioral intention. Street-level visual indicators, including the Green View Index, Sky View Factor, and Building Enclosure Index, were derived from street view imagery using deep learning–based semantic segmentation and summarized at the functional zone level.
ResultsDestination image, perceived value, and satisfaction were positively associated with attitudes toward responsible tourism behavior, whereas perceived risk is negatively associated with satisfaction and attitude. A zone-level descriptive comparison further suggested that visually open and green environments tended to coincide with more favorable destination evaluations, while visually enclosed environments aligned with higher perceived risk.
DiscussionThese findings highlight the importance of environmental context in understanding responsible tourism behavior in high-density urban destinations. The observed relationships should be interpreted as contextual alignment rather than evidence of independent environmental effects or formal cross-zone causal inference.

引言：探究高密度城市旅游目的地的负责任旅游行为，对旅游业的可持续发展至关重要。然而，当前鲜有研究关注游客的心理评价如何与客观测度的城市视觉环境产生关联。
研究方法：本研究采用多模态研究设计，结合澳门地区的问卷行为建模与街景视觉分析方法。研究收集了519名非本地游客的问卷数据，采用基于协方差的结构方程模型，分析目的地形象、感知价值、感知风险、满意度、态度与负责任旅游行为意向之间的关联。研究通过基于深度学习的语义分割技术从街景影像中提取街景视觉指标，包括绿色视野指数（Green View Index）、天空可视因子（Sky View Factor）与建筑围合指数（Building Enclosure Index），并在功能街区层级进行汇总统计。
研究结果：目的地形象、感知价值与满意度均与负责任旅游行为态度呈显著正相关，而感知风险则与满意度和态度呈显著负相关。功能街区层面的描述性对比进一步显示，视觉开阔且绿意盎然的环境往往对应更积极的目的地评价，而视觉围合度较高的环境则对应更高的感知风险。
讨论：本研究结果凸显了环境语境在理解高密度城市旅游目的地负责任旅游行为中的重要性。需注意，本研究观测到的关联应被解读为情境适配性结果，而非独立环境效应的直接证据，亦不可作为跨街区正式因果推断的依据。