PalMod2 MPI-M MPI-ESM1-2-1-CR transient-deglaciation-interactive (r1i1p4f2)

Project: PalMod2 - From the last interglacial to the anthropocene - modeling a complete glacial cycle.
The PalMod project (https://www.palmod.de/) aims for a better understanding of how slow feedbacks in the Earth system operate.
Using the new insights into Earth system dynamics, PalMod will also make projections of the future
climate over the next few millennia. The project PalMod is in the second phase and funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research as a Research for Sustainability Initiative.
Summary: The transient simulation was performed with the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model version 1.2 in coarse resolution (MPI-ESM-CR) coupled to the ice-sheet model mPISM and the solid-earth model VILMA. MPI-ESM includes the spectral atmospheric model ECHAM6.3 at T31 horizontal resolution (approx. 3.75°) and 31 vertical levels, the land surface vegetation model JSBACH3.2, and the primitive equation ocean model MPIOM1.6 with a nominal resolution of 3°. Embedded into MPIOM1.6 is an Eulerian iceberg model (Erokhina and Mikolajewicz 2024). mPISM is based on PISM0.7.3. and was employed using a polar stereographic grid with a resolution of 10 km in the northern hemisphere and 15 km for Antarctica. VILMA was used in its 1D configuration and discretized on a Gaussian F128 grid with a nominal resolution of 0.7°. The applied setup was introduced in detail in Mikolajewicz et al. (2024).
Following an asynchronous spin-up from 46 ka to 26ka during which MPI-ESM was run with an acceleration factor of 10, the model was integrated without acceleration from a glacial state at 26 ka to the year 1950 with prescribed atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations (Köhler et al., 2017) and insolation (Berger & Loutre, 1991). This simulation used annualy varying volcanic forcing (Schindlbeck-Belo et al., 2024). Forcing fields between MPI-ESM, mPISM, and VILMA as well as changes in the topography, glacier mask, river pathways, ocean bathymetry, and land-sea mask were updated every 10 years. The experiment was performed as part of a model ensemble that contains simulations differing in terms of their tuning parameters, parameterizations, bug fixes and volcanic boundary forcing. These differences are described according to the CMIP6 nomenclature, where r denotes the realization, i the initialization method, p differences in the physics and f in the forcing. The ensemble is described in detail in Mikolajewicz et al. (2024). This particular simulation corresponds to the simulation D2.1 in Mikolajewicz et al. (2024).
Note that the time runs with an offset of +25001 years, meaning that the year range 1-25000 of the data set equals the years 25000-1 BP (Before Present). All data are global datasets with the exception of output from the ice sheet model where regional northern hemispheric and southern hemispheric domains are used.

项目：PalMod2——从末次间冰期到人类世——完整冰期循环模拟。
PalMod项目（https://www.palmod.de/）旨在深入解析地球系统中的慢反馈过程的运作机制。依托对地球系统动力学的全新认知，PalMod还将对未来数千年的气候进行预估。本项目目前处于第二阶段，由德国联邦教育与研究部以可持续性研究倡议项目的形式资助。
摘要：本瞬态模拟采用马克斯·普朗克气象研究所地球系统模型1.2版本粗分辨率模式（MPI-ESM-CR），与冰盖模型mPISM及固体地球模型VILMA耦合运行。MPI-ESM包含水平分辨率为T31（约3.75°）、共31个垂直层的谱大气模式ECHAM6.3，陆面植被模型JSBACH3.2，以及名义分辨率为3°的原始方程海洋模型MPIOM1.6；MPIOM1.6内嵌欧拉型冰山模型（Erokhina与Mikolajewicz，2024）。mPISM基于PISM0.7.3开发，采用极射赤平投影网格，北半球分辨率为10 km，南极区域分辨率为15 km。VILMA采用一维配置，在名义分辨率为0.7°的高斯F128网格上离散化。本模拟所用的模型配置细节已在Mikolajewicz等人（2024）的研究中完整阐述。
本模拟先在加速因子为10的条件下，从46 ka启动异步自旋至26 ka；随后从26 ka的冰期状态开始，在给定大气温室气体浓度（Köhler等人，2017）与太阳辐射（Berger与Loutre，1991）的驱动下，无加速地积分至1950年。本模拟采用逐年变化的火山强迫（Schindlbeck-Belo等人，2024）。每10年更新一次MPI-ESM、mPISM与VILMA间的强迫场，以及地形、冰川掩码、河道路径、海洋水深与海陆掩码的变化。
本实验属于一个模型集合的一部分，该集合包含调谐参数、参数化方案、程序修正与火山边界强迫存在差异的多组模拟。这些差异遵循第六次耦合模式比较计划（Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6，CMIP6）的命名规范：其中r代表集合成员（realization），i代表初始化方法，p代表物理过程差异，f代表强迫场差异。该集合的详细信息已在Mikolajewicz等人（2024）的研究中阐述。本特定模拟对应Mikolajewicz等人（2024）研究中的模拟D2.1。
请注意，本数据集的时间存在+25001年的偏移量，即数据集的1至25000年对应距今25000至1年（Before Present，简称BP）。所有数据均为全球数据集，仅冰盖模型的输出除外——后者仅采用北半球与南半球的区域域数据。