<p>CLHNS wave by wave paternal care data.</p>

The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to greater day-to-day time spent together for many families. Some research in Euro-American settings indicated that fathers spent more time caring for their children during the pandemic than previously, with the potential for lasting effects on fathers’ caregiving. However, there are few longitudinal studies with post-pandemic paternal care data and analyses from non-Euro-American contexts. We drew on a large sample of men (N = 649; Obs. = 1286) enrolled in a longitudinal study in the Philippines with waves of data collection prior to the pandemic in 2009 (wave 1) and 2014 (wave 2) and a third wave post-pandemic in 2022−23 (wave 3). Our main analyses focus on within-individual change in paternal caregiving for men residing with young children (N = 307) from the pre-pandemic (wave 2) to post-pandemic period (wave 3). Fathers showed meaningful within-individual declines in routine (intensive) caregiving time from the pre-pandemic (wave 2) to the post-pandemic (wave 3). However, they reported comparable engagement in overall, recreational, and educational care post-pandemic relative to their pre-pandemic levels at wave 2. Men’s shifts in pre-to-post-pandemic employment status predicted their changes in caregiving time, particularly for educational care. The post-pandemic patterns we observed for educational care are potentially consistent with shifting dynamics for fathers’ caregiving in this domain following the pandemic and complement results elsewhere connecting fathers’ employment characteristics to their caregiving during and after the pandemic.新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）大流行使得许多家庭的日常共处时长显著增加。欧美社会场景的相关研究表明，疫情期间父亲照料子女的时长较以往有所提升，且该变化可能对父亲的照料行为产生长期影响。然而，目前针对非欧美社会场景、且包含疫后父亲照料数据与分析的纵向研究仍较为匮乏。本研究依托菲律宾一项纵向研究的大样本男性群体（总样本量N=649，总观测次数Obs.=1286），该研究的数据采集分为三轮：疫情前的2009年（第一轮）、2014年（第二轮），以及疫情后的2022−2023年（第三轮）。本研究的核心分析聚焦于与年幼子女同住的男性群体（N=307），对比其从疫情前（第二轮）至疫后（第三轮）的父亲照料行为的个体内变化。结果显示，从疫情前（第二轮）至疫后（第三轮），受访父亲的日常（高强度）照料时长出现了具有统计学意义的个体内下降。但相较疫情前第二轮的水平，他们在疫后报告的总体照料、休闲照料与教育照料的参与程度并无显著差异。男性在疫情前后的就业状态变化可预测其照料时长的变化，这一关联在教育照料领域尤为显著。本研究观察到的疫后教育照料模式，或与疫情后父亲在该领域照料行为的动态变化相契合，同时也补充了现有研究中关于父亲就业特征与其疫情期间及疫后照料行为之间关联的相关结论。